Atypical myopathy in 2 Bactrian camels

Hirz, Manuela; Gregersen, H.; Sander, Johannes; Votion, Dominique; Schänzer, Anne; Köhler, Kernt; Herden, Christiane

doi:10.1177/10406387211020721

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…To be included in this study, blood samples provided by zoological parks from their biobank (1) had to belong to grazing animals with A. pseudoplatanus in their close vicinity, (2) had to have been sampled during the highest risk periods as previously defined (i.e., in autumn, from October to December and during the following spring from March to May [ 24 ] and (3) in years with large outbreaks (i.e., more than 50 cases declared to the Atypical Myopathy Alert Group since 2006 [ 19 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To exert its toxicity, HGA must be metabolized in liver cells into methylenecyclopropylacetyl-coenzyme A (MCPA-CoA) [ 17 ] which impairs lipid metabolism [ 18 ], resulting in an accumulation of acylcarnitines in blood [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. In veterinary medicine, the detection of both HGA and methylenecyclopropylacetyl conjugated with carnitine (MCPA-carnitine) combined with a modified serum acylcarnitines profile is thought to confirm the diagnosis of HGA poisoning [ 21 , 23 ] but no toxicological standards for these biomarkers of effects have been determined so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acer pseudoplatanus: A Potential Risk of Poisoning for Several Herbivore Species

Renaud

Kruse

François

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Acer pseudoplatanus is a worldwide-distributed tree which contains toxins, among them hypoglycin A (HGA). This toxin is known to be responsible for poisoning in various species, including humans, equids, Père David’s deer and two-humped camels. We hypothesized that any herbivore pasturing with A. pseudoplatanus in their vicinity may be at risk for HGA poisoning. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the HGA exposure from A. pseudoplatanus in species not yet described as being at risk. Animals in zoological parks were the major focus, as they are at high probability to be exposed to A. pseudoplatanus in enclosures. We also searched for a toxic metabolite of HGA (i.e., methylenecyclopropylacetyl-carnitine; MCPA-carnitine) in blood and an alteration of the acylcarnitines profile in HGA-positive animals to document the potential risk of declaring clinical signs. We describe for the first instance cases of HGA poisoning in Bovidae. Two gnus (Connochaetes taurinus taurinus) exposed to A. pseudoplatanus in their enclosure presented severe clinical signs, serum HGA and MCPA-carnitine and a marked modification of the acylcarnitines profile. In this study, even though all herbivores were exposed to A. pseudoplatanus, proximal fermenters species seemed less susceptible to HGA poisoning. Therefore, a ruminal transformation of HGA is hypothesized. Additionally, we suggest a gradual alteration of the fatty acid metabolism in case of HGA poisoning and thus the existence of subclinical cases.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acer pseudoplatanus: A Potential Risk of Poisoning for Several Herbivore Species

Renaud

Kruse

François

et al. 2022

Toxins

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“…Exposure to non-proteinogenic amino acids hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG) can lead to severe intoxication in several species, including humans, , horses, , deer, , gnus, and camels . As secondary plant constituents of the soap tree family (Sapindaceae), these substances have been found in fruits of litchi (Litchi chinensis), akee (Blighia sapida), ,, and various maple trees including sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). ,− Ingestion of seedlings and seeds of sycamore maple trees is known to cause poisoning in grazing horses, resulting in the so-called atypical pasture myopathy (AM) characterized by muscle stiffness, myoglobinuria, frequently found hyperglycemia, and mortalities. ,, Contrary to horses, studies conducted in humans or laboratory animals reveal hypoglycemia following the ingestion of maple toxins. ,− …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, to our knowledge, there is neither a direct proof that dairy cows ingest sycamore seedlings nor are there data on metabolism and excretion of maple toxins by dairy cows available. For ruminants in general, toxic effects caused by HGA/MCPrG have only been demonstrated in the browsing Père David’s deer, gnus, and Bactrian camels, − while there are no known cases of poisoning in grazers like sheep or intermediate types like goats. , Gonzalez-Medina et al detected HGA in serum samples from ewes and their lambs and also MCPA conjugates in one ewe at 0, 2, and 7 days after grazing on a pasture with sycamore seedlings. No animal in this case showed any adverse effects, suggesting a low (or even no) sensitivity for the toxins in sheep.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Hypoglycin A and MCPrG Metabolites in the Milk and Urine of Pasture Dairy Cows after Intake of Sycamore Seedlings

Engel

El‐Khatib

Klevenhusen

et al. 2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Hypoglycin A (HGA), methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG), hypoglycin B (HGB), and γ-glutamyl-α-(methylenecyclopropyl) glycine (γ-glutamyl-MCPrG) are secondary plant metabolites occurring in sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) as well as several other Sapindaceae (e.g., Blighia sapida). By interfering with energy metabolism, they may cause severe intoxication in humans and other species. However, to date, there is not enough data available concerning the intake, metabolism, or excretion of sycamore maple toxins in dairy cows. In May 2022, five cows were observed over four days, when they had first access to a pasture with two sycamore maples. Grazing of their seedlings that grew numerously in between the pasture plants was monitored by direct observation. Milk samples were drawn both from individual cows and from the bulk tank. Spontaneous urine samples were collected from all cows on day 3 after access to the pasture. Seedlings (100 g) were sampled on the pasture and analyzed, together with milk and urine samples, for sycamore toxins and their metabolites using liquid chromatography− tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cows ingested sycamore seedlings while grazing. Values of HGA in milk were below the limit of quantification. However, metabolites of HGA and MCPrG were detected in individual milk samples already at the end of the first day of grazing. Urine samples of all five cows showed higher concentrations of conjugated HGA and MCPrG metabolites than in milk. Observations suggest that dairy cows may have a low susceptibility toward sycamore maple toxins. However, whether this could be attributed to foregut fermenting species in general requires further elucidation.

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“…Botanically, maple trees belong to the Sapindaceae family. Deaths caused by components of these trees have also been described in zoo animals [7][8][9][10]. Intoxications by Sapindaceae toxins are also of concern for human medicine [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Specific Distribution and Activation of Sapindaceae Toxins in Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy

Sander

Terhardt

Janzen

et al. 2023

Animals

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Equine atypical myopathy is caused by hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG), the known protoxins of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). Various tissues from five atypical myopathy cases were analyzed but only HGA was found. Whether deamination of MCPrG has already occurred in the intestine as the first stage of metabolization has not been investigated. Activation of the protoxins to methylenecyclopropylacetyl (MCPA)-CoA and methylenecyclopropylformyl (MCPF)-CoA, respectively, occurred mainly in the skeletal muscles, as evidenced by very high concentrations of MCPA-carnitine and MCPF-carnitine in this tissue. Inhibition of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases of short- and medium-chain as well as branched-chain fatty acids by the toxins led to a strong increase in the corresponding acylcarnitines, again preferentially in skeletal muscles. An accumulation of the long-chain acylcarnitines beyond the level of the control samples could not be detected in the tissues. As a high amount of HGA was always found unmetabolized in the organs, we speculate that targeting the interruption of further metabolization might be a way to stop the progression of intoxication. Inhibition of the mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, i.e., the first enzyme responsible for the activation of sycamore maple protoxins, could be a therapeutic approach.

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Atypical myopathy in 2 Bactrian camels

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Acer pseudoplatanus: A Potential Risk of Poisoning for Several Herbivore Species

Acer pseudoplatanus: A Potential Risk of Poisoning for Several Herbivore Species

Detection of Hypoglycin A and MCPrG Metabolites in the Milk and Urine of Pasture Dairy Cows after Intake of Sycamore Seedlings

Tissue Specific Distribution and Activation of Sapindaceae Toxins in Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy

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