Atypical pupillary light reflex in 2–6‐year‐old children with autism spectrum disorders

Dinalankara, Dinalankara M. R.; Miles, Judith H.; Takahashi, Tomoo; Yao, Gang

doi:10.1002/aur.1745

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The observation of latency decreasing with age was consistent with previous results reported in 2-to 6-year and 6-to 18-year old children of typical development 11,12 . Taken together, these data suggested that PLR latency decreases from 6 months old until 9~10 years old in the typically developing children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The PLR constriction time was not correlated with latency and showed no significant age trend. The observation that base pupil size was larger in the HR group than in the LR group appeared similar to the difference previously reported between 2-year old children with ASD and those of typical development 12 . The observation of a smaller relative constriction in the HR group was similar to that observed in older children affected by ASD using a desktop PLR device 10,11 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The increase in relative constriction with age, in particular from 6-mo to 12-mo and to 24-mo, appeared to be consistent with a previously observed trend in 2-year to 3-year old children 12 . The age trends in base and minimal pupil radii were opposite to that of the constriction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Interestingly, Nyström et al later reported that the PLR latency was shorter in young children with high-risk of ASD 23 , in contrast with reports that older children with ASD had longer latency than typically developing children 10,11 . Exiting experimental evidence 12 suggested that different age trends may explain apparent inconsistencies in ASD associated atypical resting pupil sizes reported in the literature [24][25][26] .…”

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confidence: 99%

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A longitudinal study of pupillary light reflex in 6- to 24-month children

Kercher

Azinfar

Dinalankara

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Pupillary light reflex (PLR) is an involuntary response where the pupil size changes with luminance. Studies have shown that PLR response was altered in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and other neurological disorders. However, PLR in infants and toddlers is still understudied. We conducted a longitudinal study to investigate PLR in children of 6-24 months using a remote pupillography device. The participants are categorized into two groups. The 'high risk' (HR) group includes children with one or more siblings diagnosed with ASDs; whereas the 'low risk' (LR) group includes children without an ASD diagnosis in the family history. The participants' PLR was measured every six months until the age of 24 months. The results indicated a significant age effect in multiple PLR parameters including resting pupil radius, minimal pupil radius, relative constriction, latency, and response time. In addition, the HR group had a significantly larger resting and minimal pupil size than the LR group. The experimental data acquired in this study revealed not only general age-related PLR changes in infants and toddlers, but also different PLRs in children with a higher risk of ASD. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are complicated disorders that are marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interactions and by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities 1. Initially chronicled 75 years ago 2 , ASDs now affect about 2.47% children and adolescents in USA alone 3. Although the etiology of ASD is still not fully understood, our understanding of this disorder has since been significantly improved owing to a large amount of physiological, psychological, and neurological studies. Evidence supports that the outcome in children with ASDs can be greatly improved by using early behavioral intervention 4,5. Unfortunately, most children do not receive an ASD diagnosis until after the age of four 6 , although early signs may appear as young as 12 months of age 7. Therefore, there is a great interest in finding effective biological markers for early screening of risk of autism and assessing responses to interventions. Pupillary light reflex (PLR) is the involuntary and nearly instantaneous pupil size change that occurs as a response to the luminous intensity of light that falls on the retina. The pupil size is controlled by the dilator and sphincter muscles innervated primarily by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), respectively 8. In 1961, Rubin observed that the pupils in 7 to 12 years old children with ASD constricted slower in responses to light adaption compared to typically developing children 9. Using a computerized pupillography system, Fan et al. discovered that pupils of children with ASD took a greater amount of time to respond to short (0.1 s) light stimuli and constricted less and more slowly than those with typical development 10. Similar atypical PLR responses were also reported in subsequent studies in children with ASD of diffe...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A longitudinal study of pupillary light reflex in 6- to 24-month children

Kercher

Azinfar

Dinalankara

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…Apart from localizing lesions that affect the Nervous System, certain parameters of pupil responsivity can also help diagnose disorders. Even at the early age of 2, children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder show increased baseline pupil diameter values [7] and diminished reactivity to simple visual stimuli [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Pupillometry for Human-computer Interaction Studies

Koles

2017

Period. Polytech. Elec. Eng. Comp. Sci.

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Pupil Dilation Progression Modulates Aberrant Social Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2019

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Progression of pupil dilation (PD) in response to visual stimuli may indicate distinct internal processes. No study has been performed on PD progression during a social cognition task. Here, we describe PD progression during the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) test in n = 23 adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and n = 24 age, IQ and sex‐matched neurotypical controls (NTC). The MASC consists of 43 video sequences depicting human social interactions, each followed by a multiple‐choice question concerning characters' mental states. PD progression data were extracted by eye tracking and controlled for fixation behavior. Segmenting PD progression during video sequences by principal component analysis, three sequential PD components were unveiled. In ASD compared with NTC, a distinct PD progression was observed with increased constriction amplitude, increased dilation latency, and increased dilation amplitude that correlated with PD progression components. These components predicted social cognition performance. The first and second PD components correlated positively with MASC behavioral performance in ASD but negatively in NTC. These PD components may be interpreted as indicators of sensory‐perceptual processing and attention function. In ASD, aberrant sensory‐perceptual processing and attention function could contribute to attenuated social cognition performance. This needs to be tested by additional studies combining the respective cognitive tests and the outlined PD progression analysis. Phasic activity of the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system is discussed as putatively shared underlying mechanism. Autism Res2019. © 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryIn adolescents with autism, we found an altered pupil dilation during watching scenes of human interactions. Early pupil dilation correlated positively with the number of correct answers to questions about the shown human interactions. Our findings suggest that aberrant sensory processing and attention function may contribute to altered social cognition in autism.

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Atypical pupillary light reflex in 2–6‐year‐old children with autism spectrum disorders

Cited by 26 publications

References 38 publications

A longitudinal study of pupillary light reflex in 6- to 24-month children

A longitudinal study of pupillary light reflex in 6- to 24-month children

A Review of Pupillometry for Human-computer Interaction Studies

Pupil Dilation Progression Modulates Aberrant Social Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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