“…Conventional semiconducting metal oxides such as TiO 2 , − In 2 O 3 , , CO 3 O 4 , CuO, Fe 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , , and WO 3 , , have widely been used for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The fascinating physical and chemical properties such as stability, large band gap, high surface-to-volume ratio, the possibility of synthesizing different nanoforms, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and low cost of TiO 2 among other metal oxides make it the most promising gas/VOC sensing material. , Many researchers introduced a variety of TiO 2 morphologies including one-dimensional (1D), , two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D).…”