Au Nanoparticles Anchored on Cobalt Boride Nanowire Arrays for the Electrochemical Determination of Prostate-Specific Antigen

Abstract

A simple electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is developed using three-dimensional Au nanoparticles anchored on a cobalt boride nanowire array (AuNPs/CoB NWA) electrode. AuNPs/CoB NWAs are synthesized by a simple electrodeposition method, which is first explored for immunoassay of PSA. An ingenious and simple signal amplification strategy without using the second labeled antibody to improve the sensitivity of the immunosensor is proposed. AuNPs/CoB NWAs can enhance the performance of electrocatalytic reduction of Nile blue A (NBA) to amplify signals. NBA is electropolymerized on AuNPs/CoB NWAs, forming an NBA/AuNPs/CoB NWA electrode. PSA antibody (anti-PSA) can be successfully attached to the NBA/AuNPs/CoB NWA electrode by a Au−N bond with AuNPs and the amino group of NBA, which causes an obvious decrease in the catalytic current due to the insulated anti-PSA. The current signal decreases linearly with the increase in PSA concentration because of the formation of an antibody−antigen immunocomplex. Depending on the above principle, the immunosensor based on NBA/AuNPs/CoB NWAs can exactly detect PSA in human serum samples. The lower detection limit of the PSA immunosensor is 2.77 pg•mL −1 (S/N = 3), and the high sensitivity is 484 μA•(ng•mL −1 )•cm −2 . It possesses a finer linearity with the PSA concentrations of 10 pg•mL −1 to 50 ng• mL −1 . The reproducibility, durability, specificity, and recovery of the immunosensor are further explored. The results are in good agreement with the standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, providing a high research value on clinical screening and monitoring.

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“…In the second part, the physical transducer converts the splitter binding events into physical signals. A number of new materials are applied to combine transducers, including carbon materials ( Metters et al, 2011 ; Ricci et al, 2012 ; Pemberton et al, 2013 ), nanoparticles ( Ming et al, 2022 ), and quantum dots ( Steen Redeker et al, 2013 ; Patterson et al, 2014 ; Zheng et al, 2015 ), thus achieving high sensitivity ( Liébana and Drago, 2016 ), high signal conversion efficiency qualitative, and quantitative analysis of biomolecules ( Bao et al, 2021 ; Romero-Reyes and Heemstra, 2021 ). Hence, the biosensor presents a powerful tool to detect E2 because of its small, efficient, and flexible design.…”

Two-Dimensional Nanorod-Shaped Co(II) Coordination Polymer on Three-Dimensional Metallic Foam: A Hybrid Platform for Electrochemical Oxidation of Glucose

“…Today, nonenzymatic glucose sensors are increasingly sought after, even within commercial analytical instruments, 6−8 providing acceptable sensitivity, rapid response times, and lower costs. 9,10 For decades, the fabrication of enzyme-free sensors has largely relied on a variety of electrocatalytic materials, including transition metals (e.g., Ni, 11 Co, 12 Ru, 13 Au, 14−16 metal oxides (e.g., TiO 2 , 17 Co 3 O 4 , 18 NiO, 19 CuO, 20 MoO 4 , 21 RuO 2 , 22 Cu(OH) 2 , 23 IrO 2 , 24 CeO 2 25 ) nanostructures, and organic complexes (e.g., cobalt phthalocyanine tetrasulfo-nate, 26,27 and nickel and cobalt hexacyanoferrate. 28,29 While these materials have led to advancements in sensor technology, their performance can be limited by factors such as insufficient surface area, lower catalytic efficiency, and lack of structural versatility, which are crucial for achieving high sensitivity and selectivity in glucose detection.…”

Disposal Immunosensor for Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen Based on Amino-Rich Nanochannels Array-Modified Patterned Indium Tin Oxide Electrode

“…The above detection methods are also difficult to adapt to on-site detection. Electrochemical sensors have the advantages of rapid detection, high sensitivity, simple instrument, easy integration, and portability [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Therefore, electrochemical immunoassays offer advantages for sensitive, convenient, and even in-situ or point-of-care detection of PSA in serum.…”