Summary:Children with neuroblastoma receiving high-dose carboplatin as part of their conditioning regimen for autologous marrow transplantation have a high incidence of speech frequency hearing loss. We evaluated hearing loss in 11 children with advanced stage neuroblastoma who underwent autologous marrow transplantation, following a conditioning regimen containing high-dose carboplatin (2 g/m 2 , total dose). Audiometric evaluations were obtained at diagnosis, prior to and following transplant. Exposure to other known ototoxins also was assessed. All patients sustained worsening of hearing following high-dose carboplatin. Nine of the 11 children (82%) had evidence of speech frequency hearing loss post transplant for which hearing aids were recommended (grades 3-4). Three of the nine children had speech frequency loss prior to transplant which progressed following transplant. The entire group was heavily pre-treated with platinum-containing chemotherapy pre-BMT and had extensive exposure to other ototoxins, including aminoglycoside antibiotics, diuretics, and noise exposure -all of which could have exacerbated the effects of carboplatin. High-dose carboplatin is ototoxic, particularly in patients who have been primed with previous platinum therapy or other ototoxic agents. We conclude that further efforts are needed to monitor and minimize this complication. In cases where hearing loss is inevitable due to cumulative ototoxic exposures, families need to be adequately prepared for the tradeoffs of potentially curable therapy. Keywords: ototoxicity; neuroblastoma; carboplatin The platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agents play a key role in the treatment of selected pediatric solid tumors. Carboplatin (cis-diammine I, I-cyclobutane dicarboxylato platinum II (CBDCA)), an analogue of cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammine platinum II (CDDP)), was introduced to clini- 1 Early reports indicated that the incidence of ototoxicity following carboplatin administration might also be lower than that after cisplatin use.1-3 These studies revealed that myelosuppression, not nephrotoxicity, was the dose-limiting toxicity for carboplatin. At the maximum tolerable doses for myelosuppression, single-agent phase I and II studies of carboplatin in adults found a 15% incidence of subclinical hearing loss and a 1% incidence of clinical ototoxicity, primarily manifested as tinnitus.2,3 Similarly, severe hearing loss in children was relatively infrequent. 4 In contrast, the reported incidence of ototoxicity with cisplatin, administered at conventional doses, has ranged from 4 to 91% in different studies.5 Moreover, when hearing loss occurs, it is predominantly in the high-frequency range, although speech frequencies are also affected -occasionally independent of dose or dose rate. The overall incidence of high-frequency hearing loss following cisplatin administration ranges from 30 to 50%; progressive involvement of the speech range frequencies has been reported at 15-20%.