“…Some empirical research on underreporting of time uses pre-manager level auditors, as auditors at the staff and senior levels have been found to engage in higher levels of underreporting behavior (Otley and Pierce 1996;Pierce and Sweeney 2003;Sweeney and Pierce 2006;Sweeney et al 2010). Nevertheless, other studies on underreporting time use samples consisting of auditors at various hierarchical ranks, from the staff through partner levels (e.g., S. Lightner, Adams, and K. Lightner 1982;Margheim and Pany 1986;Donnelly et al 2003;Donnelly, Quirin, and O'Bryan 2011;Paino, Smith, and Ismail 2012;Agoglia et al 2015;Barrainkua and Espinosa-Pike 2015). Lightner et al (1982) surveyed auditors at the staff through partner levels and did not find a significant relationship between auditor level and underreporting time.…”