“…However, the alignment-of-interests effect can reduce opportunistic and entrenched behavior among managers when their shareholding increases. As a result, accounting numbers are less manipulated and audit procedures and audit fees can both fall (Simunic & Stein, 1996;Peel & Clatworthy, 2001;Bedard & Johnstone, 2004;Nikkinen & Sahlström, 2004;Ascioglu, Hegde & McDermott, 2005;Mitra et al, 2007;Gotti et al, 2012). Nonetheless, the association between managerial ownership and audit fees is non-linear due to the co-existence of the divergence-of-interests and entrenchment effects.…”