The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) has expressed interest in the following issues related to going-concern modified audit opinions (GCOs): auditor's communication of factors that led to the GCO, the role of liquidity versus other factors in GCOs, and the subsequent failures of clients with GCOs. We use a sample of 2,921 first-time GCOs spanning the years 1999 to 2015 in the United States and find that profitability factors are cited in 81% of GCOs while liquidity issues are cited in 56% of GCOs. Overall, 16.8% of the first-time GCO clients entered bankruptcy within one year. After controlling for the probability of bankruptcy, client size, and auditor type, for clients of Big N auditors, the disclosure of profitability factors in the GCO is associated with a higher likelihood of subsequent bankruptcy; in contrast, for clients of non-Big N auditors, disclosures of liquidity and solvency problems are associated with a higher likelihood of subsequent bankruptcy. Our findings provide an empirical grounding for the debates surrounding GCOs and provide useful information for standard-setters and financial statement users. should be more descriptive and that auditors should highlight those factors that led to their decision to issue a GCO. 3 Thus, we use a more detailed categorization than Menon and Williams (2010) who provide evidence about the presence of three broad categories of reasons in GCOs (poor financial performance, financing, and operating) during the years 1995-2006.