“…The previous literature considers auditor size to be a proxy for audit quality because of a higher professional competence (Becker, DeFond, Jiambalvo, & Subramanyam, 1998;Francis, Maydew, & Sparks, 1999) and greater independence (DeAngelo, 1981). Previous research has also used other proxies for audit quality, such as auditor specialisation (Balsam, Krishnan, & Yang, 2003;Li et al, 2010), auditor fees (Brandon, Crabtree, & Maher, 2004;Dhaliwal et al, 2008) and auditor tenure (Boone, Khurana, & Raman, 2008;Kim et al, 2013;Mansi, Maxwell, & Miller, 2004). With regard to the relationship between auditor size and the cost of debt, although most papers show a negative association between them (Cano Rodríguez, Sánchez Alegría, & Arenas Torres, 2008;Karjalainen, 2011;Mansi et al, 2004;Pittman & Fortin, 2004), some studies do not find a significant association, what authors attribute to differences in the institutional setting (Piot & Missonier-Piera, 2007) or in information needs (Fortin & Pittman, 2007).…”