“…The ABR has provided the most insight into the function of brainstem centers in ASD. The majority of studies of the ABR in subjects with ASD over the past 40 years provide evidence that subjects with ASD have smaller amplitudes in waves I, II, III, IV, and V (Ornitz et al, 1972 ; Gillberg et al, 1983 ; Martineau et al, 1987 , 1992 ; Klin, 1993 ), longer latencies between waves I-III and waves I-V (Taylor et al, 1982 ), and longer latencies/slower responses (Ornitz, 1969 ; Student and Sohmer, 1978 ; Rosenblum et al, 1980 ; Sohmer, 1982 ; Tanguay et al, 1982 ; Gillberg et al, 1983 ; Sersen et al, 1990 ; Thivierge et al, 1990 ; Wong and Wong, 1991 ; Maziade et al, 2000 ; Kwon et al, 2007 ; Roth et al, 2012 ; Azouz et al, 2014 ; Taş et al, 2017 ; Miron et al, 2018 , 2021 ; Ramezani et al, 2019 ; Delgado et al, 2021 ; reviewed in Talge et al, 2018 ). These longer latency and lower amplitude responses have been attributed to the immaturity of brainstem circuits (Li et al, 2020 ).…”