I address the diverging usage of the term "imagery" by delineating different types of imagery, each of which is supported by multimodal mental representations that are informed and modulated by the body and its in-and outputs, and that in turn modulate and inform perception and action through predictive processing. These multimodal representations, viewed here as mental models, underlie our individual perceptual experience of music, which is constructed in the listener as it is perceived and interpreted. While tracking incoming auditory information, mental representations of music unfold on multiple levels as we listen, from regularities detected across notes to the structure of entire pieces of music, generating predictions for different musical aspects. These predictions lead to specific percepts and behavioral outputs, illustrating a tight coupling of cognition, perception and action. This coupling and the prominence of predictive mechanisms in music processing are described in the context of the broader role of predictive processing in cognitive function, which is well suited to account for the role of mental models in musical perception and action. As a proxy for mental representations, investigating the cerebral correlates of constructive imagination may offer an experimentally tractable approach to clarifying how mental models of music are implemented in the brain.
KEYWORDS: music imagination, predictive processing, embodied music cognitionIF one thing has become abundantly clear from decades of research in music cognition, it is that musical experiences are highly personal. Although it is clear that a range of common (or predictable) responses to music can be identified, there is no assurance that two people will feel the same way about a piece of music, or even necessarily have the same experience at repeated listening. The internalized, automatic processes that drive these experiences are the focus of the current paper. When perceiving music, we can generally say that a waveform of sound -with no inherent meaning -is transformed into music once it is perceived and interpreted through processes driven by the unique listening biography of the listener. This may in turn trigger various memory associations, or lead to differences in directing attention to specific musical aspects that are most salient to that person. The way we make sense of music thus depends on how we relate what we hear to previous experience -models built up from exposure to a lifetime of music, created by the unique auditory environment in which an individual has existed. This previously encountered environment provides the statistical basis for what we expect from auditory signals around us, by tracking incoming information and placing it into our own unique context of what we have previously experienced, based on the incidence of occurrences of those experiences. In this way, the unique implicit representations we have of what is common (and thus expected) drive our unique response to music. It also follows that having a ...