Abstract:Treatment of the abundant oil palm empty fruit bunches with alkaline peroxide chemicals and subsequent fibrillation at varying mechanical energies resulted in favourable morphological changes of the generated fibers. The produced fibrous mass composed of intensely fibrillated elements ranging from micro to nanodiameter fibrils. nanofibrils and webs of nanofibrils were factors contributing to the functionality of the fibrous mass as fibre web augmentation elements. Profound improvement in fiber network is parti… Show more
“…Dioxydanyl radical (DIOR) reaction with EFB appears to have attacked the chromophoric groups, producing RADIALS that are photostable and promoted inter-fibre bonding [11,38,39] at par with chemical fibre web. The well-defined signal at 3300 cm -1 reflects the effect of phenolics, which were found to predominate [36] over aromatic cleavage shown in reaction 2 as also reported by Zwichmayr and team (2018) [28].…”
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) is a powerful technique for chemical structural elucidation for pure compounds but demanding for heterogeneous samples. Configuration with a complete spectral library supports auto-elucidation simply by matching with the spectral database. The technique is highly accurate for a pure, totally unknown organic sample but no more than an approximation for a complex macromolecule or a mixture of compounds due to the poor selectivity or the inability to differentiate C-H variations. Spectral complexity increased with sample heterogeneity due to the responses from inter-atomic or molecular bond vibrations, making analysis demotivating enough to prompt analyst to duplicate interpretation. This study demonstrates a stepwise guide for interpreting the FTIR output. Comparative analysis of signals laid on a spectral overlay was demonstrated, followed by band assignment based on assimilated literature and underlying reactions. Scrutiny on the critical spectral regions required sound FTIR interpretation of heterogenous samples to arrive at an adequate scientific understanding of the underlying reactions. With a justified choice of band, samples' relative crystallinity determined via FTIR approximated those derived from the x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. Beyond crystallinity, the calculated indices may also be the markers of certain reactions and sufficient replication could be used to define the route of the extent of the reactions. Adopting the recommended steps allowed a comprehensive understanding of scientific work. The findings signal FTIR's suitability for robust analysis of heterogeneous samples with the level of accuracy dependent on the depth of data harvest and sound theory-backed interpretation.
“…Dioxydanyl radical (DIOR) reaction with EFB appears to have attacked the chromophoric groups, producing RADIALS that are photostable and promoted inter-fibre bonding [11,38,39] at par with chemical fibre web. The well-defined signal at 3300 cm -1 reflects the effect of phenolics, which were found to predominate [36] over aromatic cleavage shown in reaction 2 as also reported by Zwichmayr and team (2018) [28].…”
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) is a powerful technique for chemical structural elucidation for pure compounds but demanding for heterogeneous samples. Configuration with a complete spectral library supports auto-elucidation simply by matching with the spectral database. The technique is highly accurate for a pure, totally unknown organic sample but no more than an approximation for a complex macromolecule or a mixture of compounds due to the poor selectivity or the inability to differentiate C-H variations. Spectral complexity increased with sample heterogeneity due to the responses from inter-atomic or molecular bond vibrations, making analysis demotivating enough to prompt analyst to duplicate interpretation. This study demonstrates a stepwise guide for interpreting the FTIR output. Comparative analysis of signals laid on a spectral overlay was demonstrated, followed by band assignment based on assimilated literature and underlying reactions. Scrutiny on the critical spectral regions required sound FTIR interpretation of heterogenous samples to arrive at an adequate scientific understanding of the underlying reactions. With a justified choice of band, samples' relative crystallinity determined via FTIR approximated those derived from the x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. Beyond crystallinity, the calculated indices may also be the markers of certain reactions and sufficient replication could be used to define the route of the extent of the reactions. Adopting the recommended steps allowed a comprehensive understanding of scientific work. The findings signal FTIR's suitability for robust analysis of heterogeneous samples with the level of accuracy dependent on the depth of data harvest and sound theory-backed interpretation.
“…Being a mandatory feature of circularity, resource-efficient criteria warrant the technique's flexible adaptation to the small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which are currently the backbone contributors to the gross domestic product (GDP) of numerous global nations [ 41 ]. The inclusivity of SMEs in emerging economies [ 42 ] is critical for the smooth transition to a circular bioeconomy.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fig. 2 a schematises the deconstruction effects and the underlying impacts based on the examined tensile profile versus the cell morphological transition [ 42 ]. Fig.…”
“…The possible use of alkaline peroxide for pulp and paper production from EFB was recently reported (Ghazali et al 2014). However, the reports did not characterise the fibre formed to establish the fundamental quality of the cellulose fibre.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The cellulose fibre was isolated from the OPF rachis vascular bundles using a modified method described by Ghazali et al (2014) based on original procedures described by Gould (1984). 70 g of the raw fibres were soaked in distilled water at 10% consistency for 30 min at 70 o C temperature to remove some water-soluble extractives and dewaxed.…”
Section: Cellulose Extraction and Handsheet Makingmentioning
Effects of alkaline peroxide (AP) pre-treatment were investigated with respect to the extracted cellulose fibres from the vascular bundles of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fronds (OPF) rachis at different AP concentrations. The extracted fibres were prepared through the mechanical fibrillation resulting from the AP pre-treatment concentrations of the rachis. The cellulose fibres obtained were characterized using microscopic (SEM), spectroscopic (FTIR), thermal (TGA-DTG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The screen pulp yield was between 38.07% and 42.69%, which increased with the increase in the AP concentrations. The SEM showed a significant separation of the fibres after the AP pretreatment. FTIR spectroscopy and TGA showed significant dissolution of both lignin and hemicellulose molecules from the treated biomass at higher alkaline peroxide concentrations. The thermal stability of the extracted fibres ranged from 366 o C to 392 o C while the XRD results showed that the cellulose fibre extracted at H2O2/NaOH ratio of 2.5%: 2.0%,w/v AP concentrations gave the highest percentage crystallinity (35.7%). The handsheet made from the cellulose fibre showed that tensile, burst, and tear indexes increased with an increase in AP concentration. Duncan Multiple Range Test shows that mild alkaline peroxide pretreatment (medium concentrations) is best favoured for paper making pulp and bio-composite production.
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