“…The recent versions of these applications incorporate new advanced technologies, e.g. augmented reality (Ouertani and Tatwany, 2019;Pu et al, 2017;Saudagar and Mohammad, 2018;Wolk, 2020), artificial intelligence and machine learning (Tomasello, 2019;van der Meer, 2020), to enhance their accuracy and functionality. Despite their popularity, mobile translation applications have been criticized for their limited capabilities and security concerns (Schwartz, 2013).…”