“…Although still limited and content-specific (Erbas and Demirer, 2019), the body of literature concerning the use of AR in biology (including ecology) education is constantly growing. On the one hand, several studies have shown that AR can positively affect students' achievement in biology and ecology in formal and informal learning settings (Hwang et al, 2016;Lu and Liu, 2015;Nurhasanah, Widodo and Riandi, 2019). On the other hand, a number of studies didn't find any significant difference in students' academic achievement (learning outcomes) between AR and traditional learning materials or other digital aids (Chang, Chung and Huang, 2016;Chien et al, 2019;Erbas and Demirer, 2019;Hung, Chen and Huang, 2017;Wang et al, 2022;Weng et al, 2020).…”