“…A virtual chemical laboratory is a simulation of chemical experiments that serves to address the limitations of the availability of tools and materials in chemical laboratories and create opportunities to conduct experiments with cheap funding. Referring to some research findings, virtual laboratory applications in chemistry learning can improve learning outcomes (Rizal Ramadhan et al, 2022;Nais et al, 2019;Nais et al, 2018;Ramos et al, 2016;Kolil et al, 2020).…”