Augmenting Performance: Vocal Activity Compared to Presence in the Social Facilitation of Running

Abstract

Objective The impact of encouragement on performance has been observed in the setting of exercise, but further research is necessary in running. To compare the improvement in pace experienced by subjects of different backgrounds (from a running team, non-running sports team, or no sports team) as a result of active (verbal encouragement) and passive social facilitation, this study was conducted.
 Method Eighteen male high school students, age 17.3±0.75 years were recruited for this study, six from each background listed above. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: external verbal encouragement (EVE), without external verbal encouragement (WEVE), or no presence. Improvement in pace after the introduction of a social facilitator was recorded along with overall consistency in pace. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.10.
 Results A significant improvement in short-term pace among subjects from a running team was generated by EVE, t(1) = -5.198, p = 0.0605, and no presence generated a significant improvement in short-term pace among subjects from a non-running sports team, t(1) = -5, p = 0.0669. EVE also generated a significant improvement in long-term pace among subjects from a running team, t(1) = -5.069, p = 0.0620. A conclusion on consistency was not reached.
 Conclusion Verbal encouragement saw to long-term and short-term improvement in pace of subjects selected from a running team, while the lack of presence assisted the short-term performance of subjects selected from non-running sports teams. Results obtained offer potential to impact competitive long-distance running.

The Effects of Various Stimuli on Motivation and Physical Fitness of Physically Active and Non-Active Students

“…It is also very often used to motivate athletes to keep or increase effort during exercise or testing (16) and is recommended in several exercise testing guidelines (21)(22)(23) as positive stimuli for performance, physiological responses, enjoyment and positive mood (24). The positive effect of verbal encouragement was mostly recorded during endurance tests on athletes (24,25) and students (26,27) in maximal oxygen uptake, distances covered and final heart rate. In studies (28,29) VE lead to increase in force production and electromyographic activation during exercise.…”