Abstract:Burning incense to worship deities is a popular religious ritual in large parts of Asia, and is a popular custom affecting more than 1.5 billion adherents. Due to incomplete combustion, burning incense has been well recognized to generate airborne hazards to human health. However, the correlation between burning incense and lung cancer in epidemiological studies remains controversy. Therefore, we speculated that some unknown materials in incense smoke are involved in the initiation or progression of lung cance… Show more
“…AuO-treated A549 cells exhibited 33 proteins with greater than fivefold expression and ALDH1A1 induced enhanced metastasis. No similar observations were noted for normal BEAS2B lung cells [ 77 ] Study of household incense exposure and aggravated respiratory complications in dogs and rats 230 dogs and 118 cats assessed for >12 months after incense exposure at National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, clinical treatments performed by veterinarians on all animals with an unbiased recording of respiratory disease status and diagnosis factors Dogs with respiratory disease were vulnerable to incense combustion, key role of body weight, no significant difference in the PM 2.5 exposure between diseased and normal dogs, age and body condition instrumental in incense risk, household cats with >35 μg•m−3PM 2.5 exposure more vulnerable than dogs to respiratory disease, milder outcomes in cats suggested to be due to distinctly programmed metabolic control or gene set-up [ 78 ] Direct consequences of smoking and inhaling herbal incense via smoking tool. Screening of cannabinoid toxicity via hypothermia, analgesia, and akinesia, suppressed locomotor actions in three animal experiments, human CB 1 -receptor expression changes n Chinese Hamster ovary cells, expressing human CB 1 G α16 and mitochondrial apoaequorin protein First experiment placed the mice in an activity chamber for 30 min before administering cannabinoid.…”
Section: Recent Attempts To Assess Incense-combustion Toxicitymentioning
confidence: 71%
“…These findings were complemented by suppressed autophagy following ALDH1A1 knockdown, suggesting ALDH1A1 involvement in regulating the AuO-induced lung cancer metastasis. 77 …”
Section: Recent Attempts To Assess Incense-combustion Toxicitymentioning
Incense burning is practiced alongside many sacred rituals across different regions of the world. Invariable constituents of incense brands are 21% (by weight) herbal and wood powder, 33% bamboo stick, 35% fragrance material, and 11% adhesive powder. Major incense-combustion outputs include particulate matter (PM), volatile organic content, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The relative toxicity of these products is an implicit function of particle size and incomplete combustion, which in turn vary for a specific incense brand. Lately, the attention given to the Air Quality Index by international regulatory bodies has created concern about mounting PM toxicity. The uncharacteristically small physical dimensions of these entities complicates their detection, and with no effect of gravity PM fractions rapidly contribute to oxidative stress, enhancing random biochemical reactions upon being inhaled. Incense burning generates four times the PM extent (45 mg•g
−1
) of cigarettes (~10 mg•g
−1
). Several poisonous gases, such as CO, CO
2
, NO
2
, and SO
2
, and the unavoidable challenge of disposing of the burnt incense ash further add to the toxicity. Taken together, these issues demonstrate that incense burning warrants prompt attention. The aim of this article is to highlight the toxicity of incense-combustion materials on the environment and human health. This discussion could be significant in framing future policy regarding ecofriendly incense manufacture and reduced usage.
“…AuO-treated A549 cells exhibited 33 proteins with greater than fivefold expression and ALDH1A1 induced enhanced metastasis. No similar observations were noted for normal BEAS2B lung cells [ 77 ] Study of household incense exposure and aggravated respiratory complications in dogs and rats 230 dogs and 118 cats assessed for >12 months after incense exposure at National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, clinical treatments performed by veterinarians on all animals with an unbiased recording of respiratory disease status and diagnosis factors Dogs with respiratory disease were vulnerable to incense combustion, key role of body weight, no significant difference in the PM 2.5 exposure between diseased and normal dogs, age and body condition instrumental in incense risk, household cats with >35 μg•m−3PM 2.5 exposure more vulnerable than dogs to respiratory disease, milder outcomes in cats suggested to be due to distinctly programmed metabolic control or gene set-up [ 78 ] Direct consequences of smoking and inhaling herbal incense via smoking tool. Screening of cannabinoid toxicity via hypothermia, analgesia, and akinesia, suppressed locomotor actions in three animal experiments, human CB 1 -receptor expression changes n Chinese Hamster ovary cells, expressing human CB 1 G α16 and mitochondrial apoaequorin protein First experiment placed the mice in an activity chamber for 30 min before administering cannabinoid.…”
Section: Recent Attempts To Assess Incense-combustion Toxicitymentioning
confidence: 71%
“…These findings were complemented by suppressed autophagy following ALDH1A1 knockdown, suggesting ALDH1A1 involvement in regulating the AuO-induced lung cancer metastasis. 77 …”
Section: Recent Attempts To Assess Incense-combustion Toxicitymentioning
Incense burning is practiced alongside many sacred rituals across different regions of the world. Invariable constituents of incense brands are 21% (by weight) herbal and wood powder, 33% bamboo stick, 35% fragrance material, and 11% adhesive powder. Major incense-combustion outputs include particulate matter (PM), volatile organic content, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The relative toxicity of these products is an implicit function of particle size and incomplete combustion, which in turn vary for a specific incense brand. Lately, the attention given to the Air Quality Index by international regulatory bodies has created concern about mounting PM toxicity. The uncharacteristically small physical dimensions of these entities complicates their detection, and with no effect of gravity PM fractions rapidly contribute to oxidative stress, enhancing random biochemical reactions upon being inhaled. Incense burning generates four times the PM extent (45 mg•g
−1
) of cigarettes (~10 mg•g
−1
). Several poisonous gases, such as CO, CO
2
, NO
2
, and SO
2
, and the unavoidable challenge of disposing of the burnt incense ash further add to the toxicity. Taken together, these issues demonstrate that incense burning warrants prompt attention. The aim of this article is to highlight the toxicity of incense-combustion materials on the environment and human health. This discussion could be significant in framing future policy regarding ecofriendly incense manufacture and reduced usage.
“…Moreover, p53 R280K from carboplatin-treated MDA-MB-231 cancer cells showed a binding affinity with biotin-labeled oligonucleotides corresponding to the GQ motif of the lincRNA-p21 promoter in vitro ( Figure 6 E). In support of these findings, N -methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) and auramine, two stabilizers for the GQ structure, 45 , 46 enhanced the binding of p53 R280K with the biotinylated GQ motif ( Figure 6 F) and the expression of lincRNA-p21 in p53 R280K -expressing MDA-MB-231 ( Figure 6 G) and p53 R175H -expressing SK-BR-3 cancer cells ( Figure S4 C). These results demonstrated that mutp53 remains able to mediate lincRNA-p21 expression by targeting the non-B DNA structures on its promoter, primarily through the GQ structure.…”
Mutant p53 (mutp53) commonly loses its DNA binding affinity to p53 response elements (p53REs) and fails to induce apoptosis fully. However, the p53 mutation does not predict chemoresistance in all subtypes of breast cancers, and the critical determinants remain to be identified. In this study, mutp53 was found to mediate chemotherapy-induced long intergenic noncoding RNA-p21 (lincRNA-p21) expression by targeting the G-quadruplex structure rather than the p53RE on its promoter to promote chemosensitivity. However, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) suppressed mutp53-mediated lincRNA-p21 expression by hijacking mutp53 to upregulate damaged DNA binding protein 2 (
DDB2
) transcription for subsequent DNA repair and chemoresistance. Levels of lincRNA-p21 positively correlated with the clinical responses of breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had an inverse correlation with the ER status and DDB2 level. In contrast, the carboplatin-induced DDB2 expression was higher in ER-positive breast tumor tissues. These results demonstrated that ER status determines the oncogenic function of mutp53 in chemoresistance by switching its target gene preference from lincRNA-p21 to DDB2 and suggest that induction of lincRNA-p21 and targeting DDB2 would be effective strategies to increase the chemosensitivity of mutp53 breast cancer patients.
“…Furthermore, several residents (> 40% of the total respondents) revealed chronic ailments from breathing difficulties (BD) to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD-1) causing persistent cough due to the burning of incense directly by flame or using electric burners and exposed for > 6-8 h in the indoor environment. Studies 23 , 28 , 31 observed such disorder of lung function associated with incense burning at home and air quality from the outdoor environment. Figure 6 Effect of incense burners on room size, respiratory ailments, and trace metals concentrations.…”
Selected trace metals of importance in different incense before and after the smoldering process were assessed based on the recent respiratory ailments. Marketed perfumed and non-perfumed incense from different countries was separately analyzed using an Inductive coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). A particulate analyzer measured the dispersed particulates (PM2.5) in the indoor environment. The analysis revealed higher mean metals concentrations in the smoldered perfumed incense (1.98 µg g−1) than in the non-smoldered and non-perfumed incense (0.59 µg g−1). Pilot-scale experiments included the smoke dispersed in different sized-rooms, and the distance between the inhaler and the smoldering incense. Simultaneously, a questionnaire distributed to 300 residents from six sampling areas revealed the exposure of incense to human health. This study indicated significant attributes on (a) the room size and incense volume, (b) the permissible inmate’s number in a room, (c) the distance between the inmate vicinity and the point of smoldering incense, (d) selectivity of incense, besides the outdoor environmental influence. Furthermore, this study revealed the various categories of respiratory ailments in residents in relation to the frequency of burning incense, prolonged smoke exposure, and the impact of burners although, earlier beneficial effects of incenses were evidenced. This study recommends preventive measures to human respiratory ailments from smoldering incense.
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