Austenite reversion in low-carbon martensitic stainless steels – a CALPHAD-assisted review

Nießen, Frank

doi:10.1080/02670836.2018.1449179

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(282 reference statements)

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“…While recrystallization in Fe-C martensite occurs above 600 °C [51,56], in the present alloy, relatively slow recovery competes with austenite formation at lath boundaries [10] (see Figure 7c). Initially, tempering leads to a gradual reduction of the austenite content down to 3 vol.% at 650 °C compared to 8 vol.% in the hardened condition, which may be related to the decomposition of retained austenite [57,58].…”

Section: Combined Discussion Of Results From X-ray Line Profile Analysismentioning

confidence: 78%

“…It is therefore conceivable that austenite nucleation and growth has an effect on the line profiles of the first group of relatively low multiplicity, but does not alter the line profiles of the high multiplicity reflections. At higher tempering temperatures (> 700 °C) the splitting of the reflections faded, which is caused by the decreasing stability of austenite at these temperatures [10], leading to new martensite formation upon quenching.…”

Section: Modified Williamson-hall Analysis Of Austenite Containing Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During slow heating or isothermal annealing the kinetics of reverted austenite formation are diffusion controlled [6,7]. Chemical analyses have shown that growth of austenite is accompanied by partitioning of alloying elements [6,[8][9][10]. Such partitioning contributes to the stabilization of reverted austenite at room temperature and below [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the growth stages of reverted austenite at different temperatures are well covered in the literature [10,[13][14][15], the microstructural evolution of martensite before austenite nucleation has received little attention. Generally, before inter-critical annealing, soft martensitic stainless steels are austenitized and quenched to room temperature to form martensite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of substructure in low-interstitial martensitic stainless steel during tempering

Nießen

Apel

Danoix

et al. 2020

Materials Characterization

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The evolution of the substructure and the distribution of interstitial elements in lath martensite during tempering in soft martensitic stainless steel X4CrNiMo16-5-1 was studied with line profile analysis of diffractograms from energy dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction, local chemical analysis with atom probe tomography and orientation mapping with electron backscatter and transmission Kikuchi diffraction. Martensite formation occurred below 135 °C without auto-tempering and led to a dislocation density in martensite of 3.8 • 10 15 m −2 , as determined from X-ray line profile analysis. On tempering, carbon and nitrogen segregated to low-angle and high-angle grain boundaries. Recovery commenced above 550 °C and led to a reduction in dislocation density to a steady value of 4 • 10 14 m −2 from 600 to 750 °C. Further tempering led to a second increase in dislocation density at room temperature, owing to the transformation of reverted austenite, formed above 650 °C, into martensite on cooling. It was observed that the recovery of martensite competes with the formation of reverted austenite. The interpretation of the coherently diffracting domain size obtained from X-ray line profile analysis was critically discussed in the context of the internal structure in martensite.

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Section: Combined Discussion Of Results From X-ray Line Profile Analysismentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Modified Williamson-hall Analysis Of Austenite Containing Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of substructure in low-interstitial martensitic stainless steel during tempering

Nießen

Apel

Danoix

et al. 2020

Materials Characterization

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“…Dari gambar tersebut, terlihat fasa martensit temper memiliki ukuran lebih kecil dari pada sampel tempering 650°C. Sedangkan karbida logam semakin banyak yang larut pada suhu tempering 700°C di dalam matriks austenit dan stabilitas fasa austenit menurun selama proses pendinginan berlangsung [8]. Hal lain yang menjadi penyebab nilai impak turun adalah karena adanya transformasi fasa austenit menjadi fasa martensit [8][9].…”

Section: Bahan Dan Alatunclassified

KETAHANANIMPAK,KEKERASAN DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO PADA BAJA TAHAN KARAT MARTENSITIK13 Cr3MO3Ni DENGAN VARIASI SUHU PERLAKUAN PANAS

Praguna

Anwar²,

Sunardi

et al. 2018

JUSAMI

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Sudu turbinmerupakan salah satu bagian penting pada turbin yang bertujuan untukmemutar poros turbin sehingga menghasilkan energi listrik. Pada umumnya material yang digunakan pada sudu turbin adalah baja tahan karat martensitik, akan tetapimaterial tersebut mudah terjadi kegagalan.Mekanisme kegagalannya dipicu oleh adanya retakmikro dan unsur klorida didalam retakan tersebut sehingga akhirnya sudut tersebut mengalami patah. Adanya perbedaan perlakuan panas juga mempengaruhi nilai kekerasan yang berdampak pada jenis patahan yang dihasilkan pada baja tersebut. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi ketahanan impak, kekerasan dan strukturmikro pada baja tahan karatmartensitik 13 Cr3Mo3Ni dengan variasi suhu perlakuan panas serta mengevaluasi bentuk patahan pada baja tahan karat martensitik 13 Cr3Mo3Ni. Proses austenisasi dilakukan pada suhu 1000 oC, 1050 oC, dan 1100 oC dengan proses tempering pada suhu 500 oC, 550 oC, 600 oC, 650 oC, dan 700 oC dengan waktu penahanan 60 menit. Sedangkan uji mekanik yang dilakukan adalah uji kekerasan rockwell C dan uji impak charpy. Dan untukmengetahui strukturmikro yang terbentuk,maka dilakukan uji metalografi dan untuk mengetahui hasil patahan setelah dilakukannya uji impak,maka dilakukan uji SEM.Adapun hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu nilai kekerasan terendah ditunjukkan pada suhu austenisasi 1000 oC dan suhu tempering 700 oC, yaitu 38,13 HRC. Sedangkan nilai impak tertinggi ditunjukkan pada suhu austenisasi 1100 oC dan suhu tempering 650 oC, yaitu 114,00 J. Adapun strukturmikro yang terbentuk adalah martensit, austenit sisa, ferit, dan karbida logam.

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In Situ Observations of the Microstructural Evolution during Heat Treatment of a PH 13‐8 Mo Maraging Steel

et al. 2023

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The standard heat treatment of PH 13‐8 Mo maraging steels consists of solution annealing and subsequent aging. Herein, it is investigated how an additional intercritical annealing step prior to aging affects the microstructure, and, consequently, the mechanical properties of a PH 13‐8 Mo maraging steel. In situ techniques by means of high‐temperature electron backscatter diffraction and high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction are applied to study the microstructural changes during intercritical annealing and subsequent aging. In addition, high‐resolution investigation methods, such as transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography supplemented by transmission Kikuchi diffraction, are used for an in‐depth characterization of the microstructure. The results reveal that a diffusion‐controlled martensite to austenite transformation accompanied by partitioning of the substitutional atoms Cr, Ni, and Mo takes place during intercritical annealing. As a result of partitioning during intercritical annealing, an inhomogeneous distribution of Ni remains in the microstructure after the martensitic transformation. Consequently, the formation of reverted austenite is facilitated during subsequent aging due to existing Ni‐enriched zones in martensite. Since the fracture toughness is significantly enhanced compared to the standard heat treatment, it is suggested that this improvement is related to the increased phase fraction of reverted austenite.

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Austenite reversion in low-carbon martensitic stainless steels – a CALPHAD-assisted review

Cited by 26 publications

References 94 publications

Evolution of substructure in low-interstitial martensitic stainless steel during tempering

Evolution of substructure in low-interstitial martensitic stainless steel during tempering

KETAHANANIMPAK,KEKERASAN DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO PADA BAJA TAHAN KARAT MARTENSITIK13 Cr3MO3Ni DENGAN VARIASI SUHU PERLAKUAN PANAS

In Situ Observations of the Microstructural Evolution during Heat Treatment of a PH 13‐8 Mo Maraging Steel

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