“…In the UK, emergency legislation was enacted in the form of the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014, requiring public telecommunications operators under a retention notice to retain communication data for up to 12 months, if the requirement is deemed appropriate. In comparison to the EU, there are limited mandatory data retention initiatives in the U.S (Reidenberg, 2014) and through the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2014, Australia are currently seeking a retention period of two years (Lindsay et al, 2015).…”