Authentication of the Geographical Origin of Margarines and Fat-Spread Products from Liquid Chromatographic UV-Absorption Fingerprints and Chemometrics

Abstract

Fat-spread products are a stabilized emulsion of water and vegetable oils. The whole fat content can vary from 10 to 90% (w/w). There are different kinds, which are differently named, and their composition depends on the country in which they are produced or marketed. Thus, having analytical solutions to determine geographical origin is required. In this study, some multivariate classification methods are developed and optimised to differentiate fat-spread-related products from different geographical origins (Spain and Morocco), using as an analytical informative signal the instrumental fingerprints, acquired by liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) in both normal and reverse phase modes. No sample treatment was applied, and, prior to chromatographic analysis, only the samples were dissolved in n‑hexane. Soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used as classification methods. In addition, several classification strategies were applied, and performance of the classifications was evaluated applying proper classification metrics. Finally, 100% of samples were correctly classified applying PLS-DA with data collected in reverse phase.

Sustainable Palm Oil—The Role of Screening and Advanced Analytical Techniques for Geographical Traceability and Authenticity Verification

“…The profiling of triacylglycerol (TAG) can be used as a tool to effectively identify vegetable oils and verify their compositions in order to detect any fraudulent practices and determine geographical origin [31]. The species-specific nature of the regulation of lipid biosynthetic pathways allows the assessment of TAG profiles to authenticate and differentiate vegetable oils.…”

“…This analysis is a good starting point, where the available information can facilitate the development of appropriate analytical tools for establishing a traceability system for palm oil across its supply chain. In line with this, studies carried out on olive oil demonstrated the feasibility of characterizing the triacylglycerol and chemical composition of its oil as an effective means to differentiate olive oil cultivated in different geographical regions [29][30][31]. Most of the techniques applied used various analytical tools to determine if the product was produced from a determined geographical area, including the protected designation of origin (PDO).…”

Using HPLC with In-Column Derivatization to Authenticate Coffee Samples

“…HPLC, however, utilizing a simple detection process such as UV detection coupled with a chemometric approach to the analysis of the data, is a relatively cheap and simple process that can be used to provide a level of authentication of the food product [ 18 ]. Examples of this include the use of nontargeted HPLC-UV fingerprinting techniques using chemometrics [ 6 , 19 , 20 ]. Recent studies have shown that chromatographic-based methods can produce fingerprints with high discrimination [ 6 , 20 ].…”

Pattern Recognition of GC-FID Profiles of Volatile Compounds in Brandy de Jerez Using a Chemometric Approach Based on Their Instrumental Fingerprints

“…Fingerprinting is a very powerful methodology that is increasingly used by the food industry (Bagur-González et al, 2015;Bikrani et al, 2019;Ortega-Gavilán et al, 2020;Pérez-Castaño et al, 2019). It presents multiple advantages, as it does not require the calibration or quantification of the compounds in a product to characterize it, since it is based on its whole signal.…”