Authentication of the geographical origin of patchouli oil using front‐face fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometric analysis

Abstract

Increasing consumer awareness of the authenticity of products has led to a demand for rapid measurement methods to support the traceability of high‐value commodities. In this research, a front‐face method was used to obtain fluorescence excitation–emission matrix fingerprints of patchouli oil samples from different geographical origins in Indonesia. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then used to explore the excitation–emission matrix (EEM) data structure of the samples, and 3D eigenvector value thresholding was used to discriminate important variables. It was found that there were five important EEM regions representing the sample variation. A decision‐tree model with a subset of two important regions, i.e. regions 1 and 3, was then developed for the classification of patchouli oils from different Indonesian islands. These results show that front‐face fluorescence spectroscopy has the potential to be used as a supporting tool for the discrimination of the geographical origin of patchouli oils.

Differentiation of Commercially Available Kratom by Purported Country of Origin using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry,

“…Al Riza et al used essential oils to cluster patchouli based on the Indonesian island of origin, Sumatra, Java, and Sulaweski and further showed additional clustering due to different regions on the same island. While it is recognized that this may be influenced by cultivation practices and processing methods, it may also be influenced by the soil and growing conditions which are specific to the origin.…”

Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis Classification for Patchouli Oil Adulteration Detection by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Combination with Chemometrics

“…Table 3 describes the percentage distribution for each sample. 6,58,66 The examination of 11 ampoules PO, which is considered an unknown sample, is then used as a test set in the PLS model, which is built using the NIPALS algorithm using a four-factor assumption. The results of model testing illustrate the model's ability to determine the level of adulteration well, as shown in Figure 6 and Table 4.…”

“…10,13−15 Thus, this study can be further developed to look at the characteristics and number of compounds contained by patchouli based on several factors, such as taking a chemometric approach to analyze the presence of impurities (adulteration). 6,14,16,17 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemometrics have been widely used in the analysis of oils for source identification and adulteration detection. One example is the use of attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for the discrimination of furnace oil, gas oil, and mazut oil.…”

Recent advances in untargeted and targeted approaches applied in herbal-extracts and essential-oils fingerprinting - A review

“…were studied for their geographical origin classification [167]. PCA allowed the identification of key variables which were used to fit the decision-tree model classification.…”