Author Correction: Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin

Abstract

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

The paternal genetic legacy of Hungarian-speaking Rétköz (Hungary) and Váh valley (Slovakia) populations

“…A median-joining network of 179 N-M46 (previously N1c, Karafet et al, 2008 ) haplotypes was generated using populations we previously studied ( Bíró et al, 2015 ; Fehér et al, 2015 ), as well as those researched by others ( Pimenoff et al, 2008 ; Ilumäe et al, 2016 ) ( Figure 3 ). The founder N-M46 (Tat = M46) haplotype was shared by 32 samples from eight populations (8 Khanty from Pimenoff et al, 2008 ; three Northern Mansi; three Mongolian; six Hungarian-speakers, including the Rétköz 01 sample; two Southern Mansi; seven Bashkirian from Ilumäe et al, 2016 ; two ancient Avars from Csáky et al, 2020 , and one Finnish), as seen in Figure 3 (haplotype cluster 1). Cluster one is the founding haplotype.…”

“…It is noteworthy that some Hungarian samples, primarily Hungarian-speaking Csángó and Székely males in Transylvania, Romania form a separate branch with the ancient Xiongnu males (TUK01, TUK20, and TUK26) (see the black and red circles within the dashed circle in the lower left part of Figure 5 ), indicating a close genetic affinity with each other. Two ancient Xiongnu (TUK43 and TUK44) samples and one ancient Avar sample from published sources ( Csáky et al, 2020 ; Keyser et al, 2021 ) are more closely related to a European (Lithuanian) and an Altai sample (see the top of Figure 5 . ), which indicate different histories.…”

“…Cluster one is the founding haplotype. Cluster 2, another large cluster, includes 43 haplotypes (32 Buryat; two Mongolian; one Hungarian; two Northern Mansi; and six ancient Avars from Csáky et al, 2020 ) from five populations, as shown in Figure 3 . Cluster two is located one molecular step from cluster 1.…”

“…The genetic legacy of the populations in the Carpathian Basin can be studied only if the genetic structure of them is compared to that of ancient populations. Fortunately, in recent years, the number of aDNA genetic results based on both uniparental and whole genome data has increased in Hungary ( Neparáczki et al, 2017a ; Neparáczki et al, 2017b ; Neparáczki et al, 2018 ; Olasz et al, 2018 ; Neparáczki et al, 2019 ; Csáky et al, 2020 ; Fóthi et al, 2020 ; Maár et al, 2021 ; Nagy et al, 2021 ). Several Y-STR and Y-SNP results from contemporary Hungarian-speaking populations have been published ( Völgyi et al, 2009 ; Bíró et al, 2015 ; Pamjav et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Based on published uniparental genetic data, the contemporary Hungarians possess some genetic similarities to ancient conquerors in the Carpathian Basin, as well as to Central/Inner Asian populations and populations in the Ural Mountains ( Bíró et al, 2015 ; Fehér et al, 2015 ; Neparáczki et al, 2017a ; Pamjav et al, 2017 ; Huang et al, 2018 ; Dudás et al, 2019 ; Csáky et al, 2020 ). The core of the Hungarian Conquerors may have originated from Inner Asia/Southern Siberia, and then likely admixed with the peoples they encountered during their migration westwards.…”