Author Correction: Iron restriction inside macrophages regulates pulmonary host defense against Rhizopus species

Abstract

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Emilien Etienne, which was incorrectly given as Emilien Ettiene. These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis in 2019

“…(ii) Aspergillus phagosome biogenesis and mechanisms of killing by AMs. AMs efficiently eliminate phagocytosed Aspergillus conidia within 24 h in acidified phagolysosomes (203,220,238,239). Initial studies on Aspergillus phagosome biogenesis demonstrated rapid acquisition of markers of the early (EEA-1, Rab5, and transferrin receptor) and late endosomal/lysosomal (Rab7, LAMP-1, CD63, and cathepsin D) pathways within 30 to 60 min of phagocytosis, which was regarded as a normal phagosome maturation process (203,238).…”

“…Physiologically, melanin-induced LAP blockade regulated fungal pathogenicity, since the melanin-deficient mutant restored its virulence upon conditional inactivation of Atg5 in myeloid cells in vivo (200). Of interest, melanin-induced LAP blockade depends on its Ca 2ϩ binding properties and the ability of melanized conidia to inhibit a specialized Ca 2ϩ calmodulin signaling pathway regulating LAP (239). Apart from LAP, identifying other phagosome biogenesis pathways regulating Aspergillus immunity should be exploited.…”

“…A newly identified signaling pathway in macrophages, following activation of Ca 2ϩ -calcineurin-NFAT, regulates tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent neutrophil recruitment independently of Ca 2ϩ -calmodulin-dependent LAP (239) and is defective in transplant patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors (202). Ca 2ϩ -calcineurin signaling also orchestrates a novel process of lateral transfer of germinating conidia between macrophages via an actin-dependent process (201).…”

“…In particular, CCR2 ϩ inflammatory monocytes are required for initiating a coordinated type I and type III interferon signaling pathway that is critical for optimal ROS production by neutrophils (196,273). In humans, the classical CD14 ϩ / CD16 ϩ human monocytes efficiently control growth of Aspergillus conidia (274) via Ca 2ϩ /calmodulin-dependent activation of the LAP pathway (239).…”

“…18). From the host site, intracellular and extracellular pathways of nutritional immunity, an ancient host defense strategy of iron limitation to pathogens, becomes essential once other immune effector mechanisms are compromised (239,279,596). Accordingly, the relative rarity of IA in patients with congenital neutropenia or aplastic anemia compared to the neutropenic patients with HSCT or acute leukemia implies that deregulated iron and nutrient homeostasis in the latter group of patients facilitates vegetative hyphal development.…”