“…Its primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to various tissues in the body [8,9]. However, recent studies have revealed that hemoglobin is also expressed in non-erythroid cells, such as neurons [10][11][12], retinal cells [13][14][15], alveolar epithelial cells [16][17][18], endometrium [19,20], kidney mesangial cells [21,22], hepatocytes [23,24], and macrophages [25,26]. Furthermore, hemoglobin is differentially expressed in solid tumors, including breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancer [27][28][29].…”