Autism in International Relations: A critical assessment of International Relations’ autism metaphors

Christian, Stephen Michael

doi:10.1177/1354066117698030

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…That is, the body politic does not include the entire population but excludes groups along lines of race, indigeneity, gender, sexuality, able-bodiedness or class, which are constructed as deviant (Foucault, 2004: 253–265; Puar, 2007, 2017). Metaphors that imply whiteness, able-bodiedness or cis-heterosexuality as the norm thus perpetuate the idea that Blackness, disability or queerness is deficient and pathological rather than part of a diverse social spectrum (see also Christian, 2018: 465–468).…”

Section: Notions Of Normality and Deviance In Biomedical Metaphorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The metaphorical equivalence of health with normality and illness with deviance, and in further consequence with criminality and threat, enables martial, eugenic and genocidal logics (Howell, 2018: 131). Whoever deviates from the ideological norm is constructed as detrimental to the body politic and subjected to modes of governance that include ‘curing, normalizing, or eliminating’ (Christian, 2018: 467). Discourses of a ‘healthy’ body politic, especially in combination with visions of ‘purity’ in the modern state, generated and continue to generate numerous ‘lethal projects of social engineering intent upon eliminating certain undesirable and “contaminating” elements of the population’ (Hinton, 2002: 1).…”

Section: Notions Of Normality and Deviance In Biomedical Metaphorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this way, it mirrors what Mitchell and Snyder (2014) have called ‘narrative prosthesis’ in relation to discourses on disability, which describes the symbolic use of disability to denote political and social wrongs. Such language constructs what is ‘normal’ by identifying ‘abnormalities’ in the form of disabilities (see also Christian, 2018: 467). Metaphors of ‘weak’ and ‘fragile’ state institutions thus call upon a presumed dichotomy of the healthy and normal body (politic) that is functioning and capable versus the dysfunctional body (politic) that is marked by disability or debility.…”

Section: The Risk Factor Notion In Biomedical Metaphors Of Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

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War as disease: biomedical metaphors in prevention discourse

Rodehau-Noack

2021

European Journal of International Relations

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Previous research has examined biomedical metaphors in discourses on military intervention, counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism. Starting from the observation that such metaphors also occur in the contemporary conflict prevention discourse, this article inquires into their intellectual origins and implications for the understanding of war and prevention. Drawing on archival analysis, it finds that they manifest in two ways in prevention discourse. In the cataclysmic notion, war is likened to an epidemic or plague. This metaphor was popularised by Christian pacifists in the 19th century and carried forth into 20th-century prevention documents. The more recent risk factor notion is couched in terms of enabling conditions for threats to the body politic. By engaging imagery on immunity and public health, it draws parallels between social and political organisation and functions of the body. The article argues that while both notions of biomedical metaphors of war in conflict prevention discourse are firmly rooted in modernist thinking, this intellectual legacy manifests differently. The cataclysmic notion associates war and disease with barbarism and thus paints prevention as a civilisational objective. The risk factor notion, on the contrary, represents war as a technico-scientific problem and thus shifts the focus towards governing and controlling war through knowledge and technology. Furthermore, both notions converge in the idea of a body politic that is to be protected and in the implicit assumption of world order in which war-as-disease is a temporary deviation from the ‘healthy norm’, while peace-as-health is the desired and default state of affairs.

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Section: Notions Of Normality and Deviance In Biomedical Metaphorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Notions Of Normality and Deviance In Biomedical Metaphorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Risk Factor Notion In Biomedical Metaphors Of Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

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War as disease: biomedical metaphors in prevention discourse

Rodehau-Noack

2021

European Journal of International Relations

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“…Apart from the general material, religious material as a process of character education is also very important for children with autism. Thus, religious education becomes mandatory material that must be given (Christian, 2018). Religious education is the main basis for developing abilities and strengthening the character of children.…”

Section: Specijalna Edukacija I Rehabilitacijamentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of Islamic religious learning strategies in children with autism in Indonesia

Kistoro¹,

Kartowagiran²,

Latipah³

et al. 2020

Spec eduk i rehabilitacija

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Important religious education is given to children with autism. Objective. This research aims to analyze teachers' experience in implementing Islamic religious learning strategies (IRLS) for children with autism. Methods. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The participants were six Islamic religion teachers from two exceptional schools in Yogyakarta who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. In-depth interviews and observation methods were used in data collection techniques. The coding analysis method, with the stages of data organization, reading data, coding data, determining and connecting themes with descriptions, and interpreting data, was used for data analysis. Results. The research results found that IRLS for children with autism has three stages, namely planning, implementation, and evaluation. Planning is done to determine the preparation that must be done before the learning process. Learning implementation includes reading and writing as well as interpreting the material. The evaluation is carried out to determine the level of success of the learning process that has been carried out. The IRLS carried out by teachers include two-way communication, adequate experience, and innovation skills. Conclusion. The strategies are expected to be further enhanced to reduce constraints in learning.

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“… 2. ‘Autistic rising powers’ is a phrase used by Buzan (2016). For a discussion of such ‘ableism’ in International Relations, see Christian (2018). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhetorical adaptation, normative resistance and international order-making: China’s advancement of the responsibility to protect

Fung¹

2019

Cooperation and Conflict

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How do rising powers execute normative resistance to shape international order? Contrary to the existing literature, I argue that rising powers are productive agents of normative change and international order-making, through the use of rhetorical adaptation to contest pre-existing orders. Rhetorical adaptation is a strategy and set of tactics that simultaneously modifies norm content, while reducing critiques of obstructionism. To make this argument, this article traces China’s efforts as a ‘norm shaper’ regarding the responsibility to protect through the inception, institutionalization and implementation of the norm in the landmark 2011 Libya intervention. China layers traditional sovereignty norms under the responsibility to protect, focusing and narrowing the emerging norm by fortifying the primacy of the state. While I show how China resists co-option into an evolving ontological order that challenges traditional sovereignty, the article also addresses the unforeseen consequences of China’s normative efforts that ‘backfired’ to permit the use of the responsibility to protect to justify Libyan regime change. More broadly, this article speaks to rising powers as agents crafting international order, and the process of normative resistance that occurs throughout the norm life cycle. I draw from publicly available documents and semi-structured interviews with Chinese foreign policy and United Nations elites.

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Autism in International Relations: A critical assessment of International Relations’ autism metaphors

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

War as disease: biomedical metaphors in prevention discourse

War as disease: biomedical metaphors in prevention discourse

Implementation of Islamic religious learning strategies in children with autism in Indonesia

Rhetorical adaptation, normative resistance and international order-making: China’s advancement of the responsibility to protect

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