“…For example, to understand how the gut microbiome is related to social functioning, a multimodal approach might examine variations of the transcriptome and metabolome in ASD and their relationship to behavioral and neural functioning. As noted by Yap et al [196], is important to test the mediating effects of detailed dietary data in such work to assess the microbiome's contributions to ASD development. To understand longitudinal changes in microbial profiles in ASD, research should track how microbiota composition and metabolic states vary prenatally in mothers and across early development in both children at risk for ASD and their TD peers.…”
Gastrointestinal dysfunction is one of the most prevalent physiological symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A growing body of largely preclinical research suggests that dysbiotic gut microbiota may modulate brain function and social behavior, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships and how they may influence the pathogenesis or severity of ASD. While various genetic and environmental risk factors have been implicated in ASD, this review aims to provide an overview of studies elucidating the mechanisms by which gut microbiota, associated metabolites, and the brain interact to influence behavior and ASD development, in at least a subgroup of individuals with gastrointestinal problems. Specifically, we review the brain-gut-microbiome system and discuss findings from current animal and human studies as they relate to social-behavioral and neurological impairments in ASD, microbiota-targeted therapies (i.e., probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation) in ASD, and how microbiota may influence the brain at molecular, structural, and functional levels, with a particular interest in social and emotion-related brain networks. A deeper understanding of microbiome-brain-behavior interactions has the potential to inform new therapies aimed at modulating this system and alleviating both behavioral and physiological symptomatology in individuals with ASD.
“…For example, to understand how the gut microbiome is related to social functioning, a multimodal approach might examine variations of the transcriptome and metabolome in ASD and their relationship to behavioral and neural functioning. As noted by Yap et al [196], is important to test the mediating effects of detailed dietary data in such work to assess the microbiome's contributions to ASD development. To understand longitudinal changes in microbial profiles in ASD, research should track how microbiota composition and metabolic states vary prenatally in mothers and across early development in both children at risk for ASD and their TD peers.…”
Gastrointestinal dysfunction is one of the most prevalent physiological symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A growing body of largely preclinical research suggests that dysbiotic gut microbiota may modulate brain function and social behavior, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships and how they may influence the pathogenesis or severity of ASD. While various genetic and environmental risk factors have been implicated in ASD, this review aims to provide an overview of studies elucidating the mechanisms by which gut microbiota, associated metabolites, and the brain interact to influence behavior and ASD development, in at least a subgroup of individuals with gastrointestinal problems. Specifically, we review the brain-gut-microbiome system and discuss findings from current animal and human studies as they relate to social-behavioral and neurological impairments in ASD, microbiota-targeted therapies (i.e., probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation) in ASD, and how microbiota may influence the brain at molecular, structural, and functional levels, with a particular interest in social and emotion-related brain networks. A deeper understanding of microbiome-brain-behavior interactions has the potential to inform new therapies aimed at modulating this system and alleviating both behavioral and physiological symptomatology in individuals with ASD.
“…A recent report of a large autism stool metagenomics study (n =247) questioned direct associations between ASD diagnosis and the gut microbiome [43]. Instead, an ASD-related less-diverse diet was suggested to cause reduced microbial taxonomic diversity.…”
The sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) of genus Desulfovibrio are a group of prokaryotes associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The connection between the elevated numbers of Desulfovibrio in the gut of children with ASD compared with healthy children remains unresolved. A conceivable consequence of SRB overgrowth in the gut is the conversion of bioavailable iron into low-soluble crystalline iron sulphides, causing iron deficiency in the organism. In this study, we report the draft genome sequence and physiological features of the first cultivable isolate from a patient with ASD, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain AY5.The capability of the strain to produce crystalline iron sulphides was studied under different pH conditions. The most notable greigite(Fe3S4) and pyrite (FeS2) formation was revealed at pH 6.0, which suggests that the iron loss due to insoluble sulphide formation may occur in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract. Strain AY5 was adapted to grow under nitrogen-limiting conditions by N2 fixation. The urease found in the strain’s genome may play a role in resistance to acidic pH.
“…Yap and colleagues advance the state of the field by examining both the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiome in ASD children and by evaluating how additional variables may play a role in driving microbial signatures. 1 …”
Section: Main Textmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 1 Potential interactions between the gut microbiome and ASD Yap and colleagues reveal that autistic traits are associated with decreases in diet diversity, which likely drives microbiome alterations and loose stool consistency observed in individuals diagnosed with ASD. 1 Still unclear are whether the gut microbiome could contribute to or modify risk for the early development of ASD, and whether the ASD-driven changes in the gut microbiome in later life could influence the severity of symptoms of disease. …”
Section: Main Textmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a recent issue of Cell , Yap and colleagues report that ASD-associated microbiota changes are likely a consequence of low diet diversity. 1 …”
Alterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but whether they are a cause, effect, or confounder remains unclear. In a recent issue of
Cell
, Yap and colleagues report that ASD-associated microbiota changes are likely a consequence of low diet diversity.
1
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