Autism spectrum disorder: updated prevalence and comparison of two birth cohorts in a nationally representative Australian sample

May, Tamara; Sciberras, Emma; Brignell, Amanda; Williams, Katrina

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015549

Cited by 82 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Fifteen percent of our sample were reported to have a child with either ADHD or ASD. Given that these conditions are associated with increased child and parent mental health symptoms (Craig et al, 2016;Efron et al, 2014;Skokauskas & Gallagher, 2012), and that these rates appear higher than other Australian population estimates (Efron et al, 2020;May, Sciberras, Brignell, & Williams, 2017), we conducted sensitivity analyses excluding children with ADHD or ASD from the sample.…”

Section: Pre-existing and Covid-19 Related Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child, parent, and family mental health and functioning in Australia during COVID-19: Comparison to pre-pandemic data

Westrupp¹,

Bennett²,

Berkowitz³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic presents significant risks to the mental health and wellbeing of families. This study aimed to examine: (1) patterns of parent and child (0–18 years) mental health, parent substance use, couple conflict, parenting practices, and family functioning during COVID-19 compared to pre-pandemic data; and (2) associations between parent, child, and family outcomes during the pandemic and both pre-existing risk factors and COVID-19 stressors. Participants were Australian mothers (81%) and fathers aged 18 years and over who were parents of a child 0–18 years (N=2,365). Parents completed an online self-report survey assessing mental health, substance use, couple conflict, parenting, and family functioning during ‘stage three’ COVID-19 restrictions in April 2020. Data were compared to pre-pandemic data from four Australian population-based cohorts. Compared to pre-pandemic estimates, during the pandemic period parents reported higher rates of parent mental health symptoms (Cohen’s d=0.26-.81, all p<.001), higher parenting irritability (d=0.17-.46, all p<.001), lower family positive expressiveness (d=-0.18, p<.001), and higher alcohol consumption (22% vs 12% drinking four or more days per week, p<.001). In multivariable analyses, pre-existing financial deprivation and COVID-19 stressors were associated with greater severity in parent and child mental health symptoms, parent emotion dysregulation, parenting irritability, couple conflict and family positive/negative expressiveness. Parents and children with pre-existing mental health conditions had elevated difficulties during the pandemic across most domains. Our data suggest wide-ranging, detrimental family impacts associated with the COVID-19 pandemic; and support policy actions to assist families with financial supports, leave entitlements, and social housing.

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Section: Pre-existing and Covid-19 Related Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child, parent, and family mental health and functioning in Australia during COVID-19: Comparison to pre-pandemic data

Westrupp¹,

Bennett²,

Berkowitz³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…The prevalence of ASD is reported as approximately one per cent in UK populations . Recently, Christensen et al, in a large‐scale study in the USA, reported a higher prevalence of one in 68 children (1.5 per cent), and May et al found a 2.4 per cent parent‐reported prevalence in a nationally representative sample of children in Australia born in 1999/2000. Indeed, the past 20 years have seen a significant shift in the awareness of autism and demands on community services and interventions.…”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Vision in children with autism spectrum disorder: a critical review

Little

2018

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition with approximately 1-2 per cent prevalence in the population. The condition has lifelong effects for the individual and family, and early intervention and management helps maximise quality of life and outcomes. Many studies of vision in ASD have attempted to link the behavioural and sensory deficits in ASD with underlying visual processing. From this work, it is clear that individuals with ASD 'see' and process the world differently, but there remain gaps in our understanding. This review will summarise our current knowledge of key aspects of visual functions and the optometric profile of ASD. This includes findings regarding visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, refractive error, eye movements, binocular vision, near visual functions and retinal structure in ASD. From this, a pattern of knowledge emerges for children with ASD: we should expect normal visual acuity; there will likely be atypical eye movements and susceptibility for subtle visuo-motor deficits, there is an increased prevalence of strabismus; an increased likelihood of astigmatism and possibly other refractive errors; attention, crowding and task complexity will likely be problematic; and retinal structure and function may be compromised. Bringing this together, these findings highlight that further work is necessary, not only to understand how higher-level functions link to behaviours, but also to ensure there is a sound understanding of the building-blocks of vision to fully grasp the profile of visual processing as a whole in ASD. This review will give a translational viewpoint for clinicians, and underline the benefits of comprehensive vision care in ASD.

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“…A real increase in ASD cannot be excluded even though it might be explained by improvements in documentation and the diagnosis of milder cases. 2,3 The pathophysiology of the disease is not well understood but multifactorial etiology is suggested by the current evidence. 1 Various genetic and environmental factors have been found to be associated with ASD, including, advanced paternal age and exposure to heavy metals such as lead and inorganic mercury.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is cesarean section delivery associated with autism spectrum disorder?

Al‐Zalabani

Al-Jabree

Zeidan

2019

NSJ

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Objectives: To investigate a correlation between birth by caesarean section and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: A case-control study with a case to control ratio of 1:2 was performed in Al-Madina Al-Munawarah city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the year 2016. The cases were selected according to the eligibility criteria and children attending a wellbaby clinic in the same hospital, were chosen as the control group subjects. Data was collected from the medical records and an interview-based questionnaire was administered to the mothers. The chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis and logistic regression to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs). Original Articles Results: Eighty-seven cases of ASD and 174 control group subjects were included in the current study. Approximately 39% (n=34) of the 87 children with ASD were delivered by cesarean section compared to 21% (n=36) of the 174 children in the control group. After adjusting for potentially confounding factors, the adjusted OR was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.57-5.35). Conclusion: An association between delivery by cesarean section and ASD was found in this study, in support of the findings of other studies. It is recommended that preventive measures are adopted to avoid unnecessary cesarean sections.

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Autism spectrum disorder: updated prevalence and comparison of two birth cohorts in a nationally representative Australian sample

Cited by 82 publications

References 20 publications

Child, parent, and family mental health and functioning in Australia during COVID-19: Comparison to pre-pandemic data

Child, parent, and family mental health and functioning in Australia during COVID-19: Comparison to pre-pandemic data

Vision in children with autism spectrum disorder: a critical review

Is cesarean section delivery associated with autism spectrum disorder?

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