Autistic gestures: An experimental study in symbolic movement.

Abstract

Chapter I. Observation Techniques in the Study of Behavior 1 1. The study of subjective process through explicit movement. 2. Recent studies in expressive movement. 3. Clinical observation of symbolic movement. 4. Time-sampling in the study of motor movement. 5. The present approach to the observation of gestures. Chapter II. Association Techniques in the Study of Behavior 8 1. The meaning of word-association. 2. Word-association as an experimental technique. 3. Discrete word-association procedures. 4. Problems of free-chain association. 5. The use of word-association in this study. Chapter III. Availability of Gestures for Experimental Procedure.. 18 1. The range of experimental problems. 2. Verbal responses to verbalized gestures. 3. Gestural responses to day-dream material. 4. Gestural responses in conversational situations. 5. Gestural responses to visual stimuli. Chapter IV. Determination of Reliability of Gesture Observations.. 42 1. Experimental procedures. 2. General characteristics of subjects. 3. Difficulties in classroom observation. 4. Reliability of classroom observers. 5. Difficulties in "mute association." 6. Reliability of "mute test" observers. Chapter V. Determination of Consistency of Autistic Gestures ... 58 1. Classroom versus " mute " gestures. 2. The inter-correlation of "mute" motor movements. 3. Classroom versus discrete-test gestures. 4. Hypnotic reproduction of autistic gestures. Chapter VI. Determination of Emotional Origins of Autistic Gestures 72 1. Group association studies with selected control-words. 2. Association studies with unselected control-words. 3. Association studies with control-subjects. 4. Association studies with parallel groups and unselected control-words. ' 5. Studies in case material. Chapter VII. Personality Analysis in Relation to Autistic Gestures 102 1. Controlled personality study. 2. Comparative developmental likenesses. 3. Comparative developmental differences. 4. Comparative free-chain associations. 5. Conflicts, complexes, and gestures. Chapter VIII. Summary 119 Bibliography 121 Appendix 123 v * See (11). For a number of these and other clinical generalizations of the Freudians there is now adequate laboratory proof.

Coordinated Collaboration and Nonverbal Social Interactions: A Formal and Functional Analysis of Gaze, Gestures, and Other Body Movements in a Contemporary Dance Improvisation Performance

“…The idea that variations in emotional states, like being cognitively taxed or relaxed, cause variations in muscular tension dates back to the mid-Twentieth century and has been studied since then ( inter alia “autistic movements”: Krout 1935; Sainsbury 1955; “self-adaptors”: Ekman and Friesen 1969). Self-focused MUs were the most frequent category in both groups, making up 75% of all Expert MUs and 64% of all Non-Performer MUs.…”

Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure: The Origin of an Instrument

“…All behavior of the children was classified into five categories, three of them indicating goal‐directed and adaptive behavior (play, locomotion, talking), and two of them indicating signs of distress (crying, and “autistic gestures” [cf. Krout, ] like thumb sucking, waving arms, stamping feet, etc.). The average duration of each type of behavior was determined.…”

Six Factors of Behavioral Cognition: Understanding Other People*

“…Expressions--Choose the one of four alternative drawings of either a facial expression, a hand gesture, or a body posture that has the same behavioral meaning as a given drawing. The drawings developed for this test were suggested in part by Krout's (1935) list of expressive gestures.…”