“…Other indications of the NRC's political and institutional channel include internal and external patronage networks, clientelism (Bayulgen, 2005;Guliyev, 2009), autocracy (Schubert, 2006;Pomfret, 2011;Kendall and Taylor, 2012;Radnitz, 2012), problems with political freedom and democracy (Altstadt, 2017), transparency and accountability issues in revenue spending (Wakeman-Linn et al, 2003;Franke et al, 2009), and intense pushback to private sector expansion (Kalyuzhnova and Kaser, 2005). A further indication is neopatrimonialism, which refers to informal personalized rule combined with pyramidal power structures (Franke and Gawrich, 2010;Heinrich, 2010).…”