Autocrine/Paracrine Intermediates in Hormonal Action and Modulation of Cellular Responses to Hormones

Abstract

The sections in this article are: Methods to Explore Local Control Local Control in the Anterior Pituitary Evidence for Intercellular Communication in the Anterior Pituitary Putative Paracrine Factors Local Control in the Adrenal Cortex and Medulla Morphological Correlates of Medulla–Cortex Interactions Putative Paracrine and Autocrine Factors in the Medulla Putative Paracrine and Autocrine Factors in the Adrenal Cortex Local Control in the Testis Evidence for Functional Interaction Between Different Testicular Cell Types Local Control by Steroids Local Control by Regulatory Peptides Local Control by Biogenic Amines and Nitrous Oxide Local Control by Polypeptide Growth Factors Local Control by Substances From Testicular Macrophages Local Control in the Ovary Evidence for Functional Interaction Between Thecal Cells and Granulosa Cells Local Control by Steroids Local Control by Regulatory Peptides Opioid Peptides Local Control by Polypeptide Growth Factors Paracrine Factors Mediating Actions of Thyroid and Steroid Hormones Local Control in Pancreatic Endocrine Cells Are Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, and Pancreatic Polypeptide Paracrine and Autocrine Factors in the Pancreatic Islets? Local Control by Other Regulatory Peptides Local Control by Biogenic Amines Local Control by Polypeptide Growth Factors Local Control in the Thyroid Gland Local Control by Regulatory Peptides Local Control by Polypeptide Growth Factors Local Control in the Parathyroid Gland

Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Prolactin Secretion by Prolactin Variants and by Hypothalamic Hormones

“…Therefore, the present study shows that the lactating rat pituitary produces PRL variants that are absent or deficient in the male pituitary gland and in the PRL Standard, even though the AP of male and of other types of rats, do respond to stimulatory factors released from the anterior pituitary of lactating rats (Mena et al, 2010). The results presented here, together with those in our previous study, also indicate that several PRL variants are produced and released by the lactating rat pituitary (Denef, 1988;Sinha 1992;Asawaroengchai et al, 1978); this hormonal heterogeneity may be physiologically very relevant in the context of autoregulatory mechanisms determining the wide range of PRL effects under different physiological conditions (Schwartz & Cherny, 1992;Schwartz, 2000;Sinha, 1992) and upon different structures (Ben-Jonathan et al, 2001;Lorenson & Walker, 2001;Ho et al, 1993;Celotti et al, 1997).…”

“…The synthesis and release of prolactin (PRL) by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary (AP) are regulated by factors produced in the hypothalamus as well as in the posterior and neurointermediate pituitary lobes, by autocrine and paracrine signals from the anterior pituitary itself (Ben-Jonathan & Hnasko, 2001;Kordon, 1985;Denef, 1988;Denef, 2008;Freeman et al, 2000;Lorenson and Walker, 2001;Schwartz & Cherny, 1992;Schwartz, 2000;Wang & Walker, 1993;Sinha, 1992;Sinha 1995;Moore et al, 2002;Bollengier et al, 1989;Bollengier et al, 1996;Kadowaki et al, 1984;MacLeod et al, 1966;Sgouris & Meites, 1953;Chen et al, 1968;Welsch et al, 1968) and also by gonadal steroids (Maurer & Gorski, 1977;Maurer, 1982). In addition, it has been reported that total PRL and PRL variants (Denef, 2008;Shah & Hymer, 1989) are secreted under different physiological conditions (Denef, 2008;Wang & Walker, 1993;Sinha, 1992;Sinha 1995;Mena et al, 1984;Mena et al, 1992;Boockfor & Frawley, 1987).…”

“…In addition, it has been reported that total PRL and PRL variants (Denef, 2008;Shah & Hymer, 1989) are secreted under different physiological conditions (Denef, 2008;Wang & Walker, 1993;Sinha, 1992;Sinha 1995;Mena et al, 1984;Mena et al, 1992;Boockfor & Frawley, 1987). And, it is known that functional interactions and cytological differences exist among pituitary lactotrophs within the anterior pituitary gland (Denef, 1988;Schwartz & Cherny, 1992;Schwartz, 2000;Boockfor & Frawley, 1987) and that functional variations (Boockfor & Frawley, 1987;Boockfor et al, 1986;Frawley & Boockfor, 1991;Nagy & Frawley 1990), as well as autoregulation (Nagy et al, 1991) and interactions with other pituitary cells (Denef, 2008;Sinha, 1992;Moore et al, 2002;Kadowaki et al, 1984) and with hypothalamic hormones (Ben-Jonathan & Hnasko, 2001;Chen et al, 1968) occur in different circumstances. For instance, lactotrophs from the central AP region of lactating rats, i.e., the region surrounding the neurointermediate pituitary lobe (Boockfor & Frawley, 1987;Frawley & Boockfor, 1991;Papka et al, 1986) are bigger, secrete more PRL than those of the peripheral AP region and after a short period of suckling become more sensitive to the PRL-stimulatory agents, TRH and angiotensin II; moreover, they become unresponsive to dopamine; and interact with lactotrophs in the peripheral region of the gland (Boockfor & Frawley, 1987;Boockfor et al, 1986;Frawley & Boockfor, 1991;Nagy et al, 1991;Nagy & Frawley 199...…”

Autocrine Regulation of Prolactin Secretion by Prolactin Variants Released from Lactating Rat Adenohypophysis

“…In addition, it has been reported that total PRL and PRL variants are secreted under different physiological conditions (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) and it is known that functional interactions and cytological differences exist among pituitary lactotrophs within the anterior pituitary gland (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) and that functional variations (8)(9)(10), as well as autoregulation (11)(12) and interactions with other pituitary cells (3,7,9) and with hypothalamic hormones (1,3,9) occur in different circumstances. For instance, lactotrophs from the central AP region (CR) of lactating rats, i.e., the region surrounding the neurointermediate pituitary lobe are bigger (10,13), secrete more PRL than those of the peripheral AP region (PR) and after a short period of suckling become more sensitive to the PRL-stimulatory agents, TRH and angiotensin II.…”

“…The synthesis and release of prolactin (PRL) by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary (AP) are regulated by factors produced in the hypothalamus as well as in the posterior and neurointermediate pituitary lobes, by autocrine and paracrine signals from the anterior pituitary itself (for review see [1][2][3][4][5]. In addition, it has been reported that total PRL and PRL variants are secreted under different physiological conditions (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) and it is known that functional interactions and cytological differences exist among pituitary lactotrophs within the anterior pituitary gland (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) and that functional variations (8)(9)(10), as well as autoregulation (11)(12) and interactions with other pituitary cells (3,7,9) and with hypothalamic hormones (1,3,9) occur in different circumstances.…”