Autoimmune Addison's disease – An update on pathogenesis

Hellesen, Alexander; Bratland, Eirik; Husebye, Eystein S.

doi:10.1016/j.ando.2018.03.008

Cited by 60 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Lessons can further be learned from the field of infectious disease medicine where CyTOF has been employed during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to study immune heterogeneity 56,57 . Viral infections have indeed been suggested to take part in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, 14 highlighting the importance of studying early changes during viral infections. Furthermore, the power of mass cytometry has recently been applied to dissect immune dysfunction in a pilot study including patients with different endocrine autoimmune disorders 58 .…”

Section: Single‐cell Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11][12][13] Symptoms of AAD can be vague, and as a result, the disease is often diagnosed after the complete destruction of the adrenal cortex. 14 This, and restricted access to the affected organ in these patients, limits our knowledge of immunological processes occurring in the development of the disease. Thus, new ways of examining the relationship between the immune system and the target-and other non-target cells in the affected organ are important to move forward.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organ‐specific disorders typically aggregate within the same individual in autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS), 10 which are yet distinct from systemic autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) 11‐13 . Symptoms of AAD can be vague, and as a result, the disease is often diagnosed after the complete destruction of the adrenal cortex 14 . This, and restricted access to the affected organ in these patients, limits our knowledge of immunological processes occurring in the development of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Section: Single‐cell Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The prospects of single‐cell analysis in autoimmunity

et al. 2020

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“…Autoimmunity against the adrenal cortex is the main cause of Addison disease in industrialized countries, with prevalence estimates varying between 93 and 220 per million (Hellesen et al 2018). In active tuberculosis, the incidence of adrenal involvement is 6% (Lam and Lo 2001).…”

Section: • Incidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenalitis

Stefano¹,

Galli²,

Santi³

et al. 2020

Encyclopedia of Pathology

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Inflammation of the adrenal glands resulting from autoimmunopathies or infections leads to adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease). Clinical Features Autoimmune adrenalitis is responsible for approximately 75% of inflammatory conditions affecting the adrenal glands. It is isolated in 40% of cases and is part of an autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome in the remaining 60%. In the past decades, tuberculosis used to be the most common cause of hypocorticalism associated with Addison disease; however, tuberculous adrenalitis is still prevalent in countries where tuberculosis is endemic. Other pathogens such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as fungi and bacteria may be encountered (Lloyd et al. 2002). Clinical features of adrenocortical insufficiency become apparent only after 90% of the adrenal gland is destroyed. Signs and symptoms, either acute or chronic, include fatigue, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, malaise, postural hypotension, dehydration, hyponatremia, and hyperpigmentation (Arlt and Allolio 2003).

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“…Barthel et al have estimated the current prevalence of the condition in Western societies to be about 100-140 cases per million [2]. This disease often manifests between the second and fourth decades of life and occurs more frequently in women than men [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addison's Disease: A Diagnosis Easy to Overlook

Mosca

Barbosa

Araújo

et al. 2021

Cureus

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Addison's disease is a rare and potentially life-threatening clinical condition that often presents with an insidious onset of nonspecific symptoms and signs, frequently resulting in a significant delay in diagnosis. Clinical presentation usually includes fatigue and electrolyte imbalance disorders such as hyponatremia. However, specific diagnostic features, such as hyperpigmentation, should raise clinical suspicion. This case report describes a 43-year-old Caucasian male who presented with general malaise, fatigue, anorexia, and weight loss (7 Kg in four weeks). On physical examination, he was found to have severe hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucosal surfaces as well as hypotension. Laboratory tests revealed hypoosmolar hyponatremia and serum potassium levels in the upper limit of normal. Findings of high serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and renin, as well as low cortisol and aldosterone levels, helped establish a diagnosis of Addison's disease. After the initiation of treatment, the patient experienced full recovery of symptoms, normalization of hyponatremia, and improvement of hyperpigmentation. Patients with Addison's disease have the potential to resume normal daily activities with a highly functional status. However, this condition requires lifelong follow-up and surveillance.

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Autoimmune Addison's disease – An update on pathogenesis

Cited by 60 publications

References 97 publications

The prospects of single‐cell analysis in autoimmunity

The prospects of single‐cell analysis in autoimmunity

Adrenalitis

Addison's Disease: A Diagnosis Easy to Overlook

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