“…Therefore, they could only be mounted on heavy-duty aerial working platforms with suitable payloads, which were highly road-demanding themselves, significantly limiting their applications in populated, spatially dense areas (Nakashima et al , 1995; Penin et al , 1998; Santamaria, 1997; Udod et al , 1998). On the other hand, the level of artificial intelligence embedded in such systems was also limited, resulting in most early systems being controlled remotely by human operators on the ground via teleoperation (Penin et al , 1998; Udod et al , 1998; Soler and Guillet, 1993). Since 2000, a great deal of research has been carried out in target recognition, positioning and attitude estimation (Feng and Zhang, 2021; Yan et al , 2020; Zhao et al , 2022; Wu et al , 2021; Naceri et al , 2021).…”