“…In recent years, conventional and modern ML methods, especially neural networks and SVM, have illustrated the capability of processing oral cavity tumor-related image data. This includes oral cancer detection and tissue cell classification in the stage of cancer diagnosis ( Al-Ma’aitah & AlZubi, 2018 ; Aubreville et al, 2017 ; Das, Hussain & Mahanta, 2020 ; Jeyaraj & Samuel Nadar, 2019 ; Shamim et al, 2019 ), tumor margin assessment and tumor subtype classification in the process of clinical cancer treatment ( Fei et al, 2017 ; Marsden et al, 2020 ; van Rooij et al, 2019 ) and assessment of complications after treatment ( Ariji et al, 2019 ; Dong et al, 2018 ; Men et al, 2019 ). Major tumors like OSCC are able to be detected and evaluated with high accuracy using a timesaving algorithm ( Aubreville et al, 2017 ; Das, Hussain & Mahanta, 2020 ).…”