Automated Cow Body Condition Scoring Using Multiple 3D Cameras and Convolutional Neural Networks

Abstract

Body condition scoring is an objective scoring method used to evaluate the health of a cow by determining the amount of subcutaneous fat in a cow. Automated body condition scoring is becoming vital to large commercial dairy farms as it helps farmers score their cows more often and more consistently compared to manual scoring. A common approach to automated body condition scoring is to utilise a CNN-based model trained with data from a depth camera. The approaches presented in this paper make use of three depth cameras placed at different positions near the rear of a cow to train three independent CNNs. Ensemble modelling is used to combine the estimations of the three individual CNN models. The paper aims to test the performance impact of using ensemble modelling with the data from three separate depth cameras. The paper also looks at which of these three cameras and combinations thereof provide a good balance between computational cost and performance. The results of this study show that utilising the data from three depth cameras to train three separate models merged through ensemble modelling yields significantly improved automated body condition scoring accuracy compared to a single-depth camera and CNN model approach. This paper also explored the real-world performance of these models on embedded platforms by comparing the computational cost to the performance of the various models.

Research on Human Posture Estimation Algorithm Based on YOLO-Pose

“…The evaluation of the algorithm's object recognition accuracy for object category detection is conducted using precision (P), recall (R), and mean average precision (mAP) [32]. Precision (P) represents the proportion of correctly predicted samples among samples predicted as positive, as shown in Equation (20).…”