Automated Determination of Elements in Organic Samples Using X-Ray Emission Spectrometry.

Abstract

b New automated x-ray methods for determining elements in organic materials, including petroleum and petrochemicals, use bath x-ray emission and scatter methods. Methods for matrix effect and background corrections suitable fot automated analyses were investigated in detail. When possible, correction methods were based only on x-ray data, and more generalized methods capable of simplification for less complex analyses were developed. Specific analytical applications illustrate the utility of the direct and ashing methods for determining vanadium and nickel and direct methods for determining sulfur, carbon, and hydrogen. Direct-reading analyses for some of the more routine determinations were achieved. The use of the new correction methods and techniques speeds analyses and requires much less operator attention for both routine and special analyses.

Method of spectral background evaluation using higher energy peaks in x‐ray energy analysis

“…The simplified method in its two simplest, and lowest accuracy, forms is equivalent to those reported elsewhere . [2][3][4][5][6] In a system for multi-elemental analysis, which is completed by an on-line microcomputer, the procedure €or background calculation can be performed automatically via more than one scattered peak. In a simplified XRF system for monoelemental analysis and on-line control the use of only one scattered peak leads in many cases to a sufficiently accurate evaluation of background.…”

Nonferrous metallurgy. II. Zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten

“…Following ion exchange (203); comparison of methods (68); Ti (547); Hf (84); Nb (65, 66); heat-resistant alloys (80); steel (159, SOI); TJF4 (409); B (548); rocks (208, 512); ashes and ores (537); rubber polymers (283) Following ion exchange (203); Hf ( 84 Steel and U (549); U (185); rocks (78,136) Zr (411,433) With portable source (235); organic materials (128) NbsSn (39) Minerals and ores (228,285,373) Nb (555) With a portable source (235); Ni-Cr films (516); Sn plate (513); ferrochrome (150) Comparison of methods (293); study of conditions (569); U (185,391) Ni (25) Element Study of method (165); Zr (333); ZrOs (166, 178); A1 (249); rocks (78,538) Determination of sensitivities (600); study of separations (517); Zr (333); A1 (248) Steel (566); nuclear materials (288) Determination of sensitivities (600); rocks and minerals (445,446) Nb (125); Fe, Nb (501); Si (157); rocks (472, 538); organic filters (168) Determination of sensitivities (600); study of separations (517); study of method (165); A1 (249, 609); Si (157); biological material (56) Determination of sensitivities…”

X-Ray Absorption and Emission

“…They also present a few timely comments regarding philosophy of computer applications. Dwiggins (183) developed programmed instructions for background and matrix corrections for computing elemental concentrations in organic materials. Other researchers have prepared matrix correction equations for alloy steels (556), complex alloys (66,281) and mutually induced fluorescence (115,633).…”

“…Antimony (86,288) Arsenic (86,280) Barium (88,256,267,375,437,589,608) Bismuth (436) Boron (274,275) Bromine (290,346) Cadmium (262,288) Calcium In cement materials and slags (43,370,472,473,495,531) In minerals and ores (25,256,265,266,287,334,452,498,521,538,567,580,692,593,607) In miscellaneous materials (91,236,539,596) In organics (88,267,375) In soils (38,319) Carbon (183,274,<...…”

“…In alloys (12,428) In metals (433,532,539) In miscellaneous materials (91, 147, 149, 462) Fluorine (274,275) Gold (415,421,428,553) Hafnium (44,478) Hydrogen (183,578) Iodine (290,386) Iridium ( 553) Iron…”