“…- Improvement on the computation of orientation fields of fingerprint patterns including marks on complex backgrounds [ [154] , [155] , [156] ] and palmar impressions [ 157 ].
- Automatic segmentation of fingermark images against complex backgrounds [ [158] , [159] , [160] , [161] ], including overlapping marks [ 162 ] or using deep learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks [ 163 ]. For a review of segmentation methods, refer to Ref.
…”