Automated solid phase extraction and quantitative analysis of human milk for 13 phthalate metabolites

Calafat, Antònia M.; Slakman, A.Ryan; Silva, Manori J.; Herbert, Arnetra R.; Needham, Larry L.

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.02.006

Cited by 191 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Furthermore, special attention has to be paid to the analyses of the simple monoesters: these metabolites are prone to external contamination, as they can relatively easily be generated out of the omnipresent phthalate diesters before or during the analytical procedure. This is a particular problem in biological matrices containing lipase activity such as breast milk, blood or amniotic fluid [89,[136][137][138][139]. By contrast, the secondary, oxidized phthalate metabolites are not susceptible to external contamination.…”

Section: Human Metabolism -Biomarkers Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure to phthalates – The human biomonitoring approach

Wittassek¹,

Koch

Angerer

et al. 2011

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

683

381

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Some phthalates are developmental and reproductive toxicants in animals. Exposure to phthalates is considered to be potentially harmful to human health as well. Based on a comprehensive literature research, we present an overview of the sources of human phthalate exposure and results of exposure assessments with special focus on human biomonitoring data. Among the general population, there is widespread exposure to a number of phthalates. Foodstuff is the major source of phthalate exposure, particularly for the long-chain phthalates such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. For short-chain phthalates such as di-n-butyl-phthalate, additional pathways are of relevance. In general, children are exposed to higher phthalate doses than adults. Especially, high exposures can occur through some medications or medical devices. By comparing exposure data with existing limit values, one can also assess the risks associated with exposure to phthalates. Within the general population, some individuals exceed tolerable daily intake values for one or more phthalates. In high exposure groups, (intensive medical care, medications) tolerable daily intake transgressions can be substantial. Recent findings from animal studies suggest that a cumulative risk assessment for phthalates is warranted, and a cumulative exposure assessment to phthalates via human biomonitoring is a major step into this direction.

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Section: Human Metabolism -Biomarkers Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure to phthalates – The human biomonitoring approach

Wittassek¹,

Koch

Angerer

et al. 2011

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

683

381

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We speculate that interactions facilitating retention of the acidic compound by SPE sorbent result from competition between formic acid, the acidic chlorophenols, and other milk components for interaction sites on the sorbent [16].…”

Section: Breast Milk Sample Cleanupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring environmental phenols and chlorinated organic chemicals in breast milk using automated on-line column-switching–high performance liquid chromatography–isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry

Kuklenyik

Needham

et al. 2006

Journal of Chromatography B

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199

113

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Breast milk is one possible route of exposure to environmental chemicals, including phenols and chlorinated organic chemicals for breast-fed infants. We developed a highly sensitive method of analyzing breast milk for triclocarban (3,4,4 -trichlorocarbanilide) and eight phenolic compounds: bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tOP), ortho-phenylphenol (OPP), 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and 2-hydroxy-4-metoxybenzophenone (BP-3). The method includes adding a solution containing a stable isotope of each chemical, enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated chemicals in the milk, and on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. It can also be used to measure the free (unconjugated) species by omitting the enzymatic deconjugation step. The method, validated using pooled breast milk samples, has inter-day coefficient of variations ranging from 4.8 to 18.9% for most analytes, and spiked recoveries generally about 100%. Detection limits for most analytes are below 1 ng/mL in 100 L of breast milk. We tested the usefulness of the method by measuring concentrations of these nine compounds in 20 breast milk samples. BPA, OPP, and BP-3 were detected in more than 60% of the samples tested. The free species of these compounds appear to be most prevalent in milk.

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“…They are added primarily as fragrances and/or fragrance fixers (Merck Index, 2006), although benzyl benzoate has been used as an artifical musk (Merck Index, 2006) and an acaricide (Gordon and Unsworth, 1943) to treat scabies and headlice. Under the EU cosmetics directive 76/768/ EEC, they are permitted in unlimited quantities in cosmetic products, but since all three compounds are now recognized as contact allergens by the EU Scientific Committee on Cosmetics and Non-Food Products (SCCNFP), they must be declared in the EU on the label if they exceed 0.001% in leave-on products or (Flarend et al, 2001;Guillard et al, 2004) Al in breast tissue (Exley et al, 2007) He et al (2003) Parabens Preservative Dorsal skin into blood (Janjua et al, 2007) and urine (Janjua et al, 2008a) Breast tumour tissue ) Prusakiewicz et al (2006; Harville et al (2007); Ishiwatari et al (2007) Reviewed in Darbre and Harvey (2008) Phthalates Plasticiser Cosmetic use into urine (Duty et al, 2005); Dorsal skin into blood (Janjua et al, 2007) and urine (Janjua et al, 2008a) Milk (Calafat et al, 2004) Jobling et al (1995; Harris et al (1997); Okubo et al (2003) Polycyclic musks Fragrance Adipose tissue …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oestrogenic activity of benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) in MCF7 human breast cancer cells in vitro

Charles

Darbre

2009

J of Applied Toxicology

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Benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) are added to bodycare cosmetics used around the human breast. We report here that all three compounds possess oestrogenic activity in assays using the oestrogen-responsive MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. At 3 000 000-fold molar excess, they were able to partially displace [(3)H]oestradiol from recombinant human oestrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta, and from cytosolic ER of MCF7 cells. At concentrations in the range of 5 x 10(-5) to 5 x 10(-4 )m, they were able to increase the expression of a stably integrated oestrogen-responsive reporter gene (ERE-CAT) and of the endogenous oestrogen-responsive pS2 gene in MCF7 cells, albeit to a lesser extent than with 10(-8 )m 17beta-oestradiol. They increased the proliferation of oestrogen-dependent MCF7 cells over 7 days, which could be inhibited by the antioestrogen fulvestrant, suggesting an ER-mediated mechanism. Although the extent of stimulation of proliferation over 7 days was lower with these compounds than with 10(-8 )m 17beta-oestradiol, given a longer time period of 35 days the extent of proliferation with 10(-4 )m benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate or butylphenylmethylpropional increased to the same magnitude as observed with 10(-8 )m 17beta-oestradiol over 14 days. This demonstrates that benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional are further chemical components of cosmetic products which give oestrogenic responses in a human breast cancer cell line in culture. Further research is now needed to investigate whether oestrogenic responses are detectable using in vivo models and the extent to which these compounds might be absorbed through human skin and might enter human breast tissues.

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Automated solid phase extraction and quantitative analysis of human milk for 13 phthalate metabolites

Cited by 191 publications

References 34 publications

Assessing exposure to phthalates – The human biomonitoring approach

Assessing exposure to phthalates – The human biomonitoring approach

Measuring environmental phenols and chlorinated organic chemicals in breast milk using automated on-line column-switching–high performance liquid chromatography–isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry

Oestrogenic activity of benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) in MCF7 human breast cancer cells in vitro

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