Automatic Attitude Activation and Efficiency: The Fourth Horseman of
                        Automaticity

Hermans, Dirk; Crombez, Geert; Eelen, Paul

doi:10.5334/pb.954

Cited by 49 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…If participants indeed have the goal to avoid evaluating the primes, the fact that they do evaluate them demonstrates that this process can be uncontrolled in the counteracting sense. Support that the process of evaluating the primes can be efficient comes from affective priming studies in which a secondary task, simultaneously performed with the priming task, did not reduce the strength of the congruency effect (Hermans, Crombez, & Eelen, 2000). Finally, congruency effects have been observed when primes were presented subliminally (e.g., Draine & Greenwald, 1998;Klinger, Burton, & Pitts, 2000), which shows that evaluation of the primes can be triggered on the basis of unconscious input.…”

Section: Investigating the Automaticity Of Constructive Appraisalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Constructive Appraisal as a Candidate Cause of Emotion

Moors

2010

Emotion Review

102

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Critics of appraisal theory have difficulty accepting appraisal (with its constructive flavor) as an automatic process, and hence as a potential cause of most emotions. In response, some appraisal theorists have argued that appraisal was never meant as a causal process but as a constituent of emotional experience. Others have argued that appraisal is a causal process, but that it can be either rule-based or associative, and that the associative variant can be automatic. This article first proposes empirically investigating whether rule-based appraisal can also be automatic and then proposes investigating the automatic nature of constructive (instead of rule-based) appraisal because the distinction between rule-based and associative is problematic. Finally, it discusses experiments that support the view that constructive appraisal can be automatic.

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Section: Investigating the Automaticity Of Constructive Appraisalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Constructive Appraisal as a Candidate Cause of Emotion

Moors

2010

Emotion Review

102

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“…For instance, affective priming effects are usually found with short (e.g., 300 ms or shorter) but not with long stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) values (Fazio et al, 1986;Hermans, De Houwer, & Eelen, 2001)-that is, a fast-acting and brief process that does not allow for the activation of expectancies or response strategies. The effect also appears independently of cognitive resources-for instance, when participants are told to perform concurrently a highly demanding secondary task (Hermans, Crombez, & Eelen, 2000); when primes are presented parafoveally in unattended locations (Calvo, Castillo, & Fuentes, 2006;Calvo & Nummenmaa, 2007); or when primes are presented subliminally below individual recognition thresholds (Draine & Greenwald, 1998;Spruyt, De Houwer, Everaert, & Hermans, 2012). Finally, affective priming effects are found even when the task does not induce a conscious intention to evaluate-that is, it does not require evaluative responses over the target (e.g., naming, lexical decision; Bargh, Chaiken, Raymond, & Hymes, 1996;Calvo et al, 2006;Hermans, De Houwer, & Eelen, 1994), although this effect has not been replicated in other studies (e.g., Klauer & Musch, 2001;Spruyt, Hermans, Pandelaere, De Houwer, & Eelen, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Task Difficulty and Response Complexity Modulate Affective Priming by Emotional Facial Expressions

Sassi

Campoy

Bastida-Castillo

et al. 2014

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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In this study we used an affective priming task to address the issue of whether the processing of emotional facial expressions occurs automatically independent of attention or attentional resources. Participants had to attend to the emotion expression of the prime face, or to a nonemotional feature of the prime face, the glasses. When participants attended to glasses (emotion unattended), they had to report whether the face wore glasses or not (the glasses easy condition) or whether the glasses were rounded or squared (the shape difficult condition). Affective priming, measured on valence decisions on target words, was mainly defined as interference from incongruent rather than facilitation from congruent trials. Significant priming effects were observed just in the emotion and glasses tasks but not in the shape task. When the key-response mapping increased in complexity, taxing working memory load, affective priming effects were reduced equally for the three types of tasks. Thus, attentional load and working memory load affected additively to the observed reduction in affective priming. These results cast some doubts on the automaticity of processing emotional facial expressions.

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“…That is, as Valentine’s Day nears, roses and chocolates should be evaluated based on their associations with love, more so than at other times of the year. And because the concept of love is positive ( Hermans et al, 2000 ), this should lead to increased positivity of roses and chocolates as Valentine’s Day approaches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Roses and Gift Chocolates Are Judged More Positively in the U.S. Near Valentine’s Day: Evidence of Naturally Occurring Cultural Priming

2017

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Attitudes are not static, but constructed at the moment of the evaluation, incorporating temporary contextual influences. How do meaningful events that naturally occur within a culture, such as a national holiday, shape evaluative judgments of objects related to the holiday? We focused on evaluations of red roses and gift chocolates, which are everyday objects, but also iconic of Valentine’s Day in the U.S. We reasoned that if cultural events shape evaluations, then roses and chocolates would be evaluated differently near Valentine’s Day. Using a large and diverse U.S. sample, we found that as Valentine’s Day neared, evaluations of roses and chocolates (but not a comparison object) were evaluated more positively. Increases in positivity of roses and chocolates covaried with their increased cultural relevance, as quantified by the volume of web search queries involving these terms. These findings provide a demonstration of naturally occurring cultural priming by which the salience of cultural events shape evaluations.

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Automatic Attitude Activation and Efficiency: The Fourth Horseman of Automaticity

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Automatic Constructive Appraisal as a Candidate Cause of Emotion

Automatic Constructive Appraisal as a Candidate Cause of Emotion

Task Difficulty and Response Complexity Modulate Affective Priming by Emotional Facial Expressions

Red Roses and Gift Chocolates Are Judged More Positively in the U.S. Near Valentine’s Day: Evidence of Naturally Occurring Cultural Priming

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