Automatic Coulometric Titration with Photometric Detection of Equivalence

Wise, Edward N.; Gilles, Philippe; Reynolds, C. A.

doi:10.1021/ac60081a012

Cited by 33 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Another example of a specific analytical method is the analysis of carbon. The carbon content of the deposits has been determined by combustion, converting it to CO 2 , which could be measured by coulometric titration [93].…”

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Gold

Kohl¹

2010

Modern Electroplating

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

While all that glitters may not be gold, it is the most beautiful of all the elements in their pure form. The name gold comes from the Old English Anglo-Saxon word for geolo meaning "yellow" while the symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, meaning "glowing dawn." Historically gold was one of the first metals known. Gold has been valuable throughout the ages chiefly because of its physical properties of softness, ductility, corrosion resistance, density, and scarcity. The first gold coin dates back to about 560 BC. Gold cups and jewelry predating 3500 BC have been found in Iraq. The ancient Egyptians knew how to hammer gold into leaf as thin as 66 nm. The importance of gold as a form of currency was at a high point in the 1900s when most countries were on the gold standard. The bullion price of gold over the past 21 years is shown in Figure 4.1.There have been about 160 metric kilotons of gold mined since it was first discovered, and it occupies about 0.005 ppm of the earth's crust. The world demand for gold in 2007 was approximately 80,000,000 troy ounces. Figure 4.2 shows the breakdown of the gold usage by industry. Jewelry comprises the largest fraction of the usage; however, much of that is not electroplated. For jewelry applications, gold is commonly alloyed with group IB or IIB metals, particularly copper, silver, platinum, and palladium, principally to improve its strength and wear resistance.The electrodeposition of gold is a relatively new process; it has been traced to the early work of Brugnatelli in 1805 [1]. The motives behind the use of electroplated gold changed dramatically in the mid-twentieth century when the emerging electronics industry required special-purpose electrical connections. The electronics industry consumed 5,330,000 troy ounces in 1994. Figure 4.3 shows the growth in the use of gold in the electronics industry by year. The use of electroplated gold in a variety of different functions in the electronics industry has led to (1) many advances in our fundamental understanding of the electrodeposition process and (2) new electroplating technologies over the past 25 years.Electrochemically deposited gold has satisfied many of the demands of the electronics industry. Gold has the third best electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals at room temperature. Also it has high ductility and excellent wear resistance, which are important for electrical contacts. The inertness of gold prevents the formation of insulating surface oxides (as compared to metals like aluminum). Group IIB metals (e.g., gold) are not good catalysts for other reactions, thus avoiding certain problems. For example, group IB metals (particularly platinum and palladium) can catalyze the polymerization of organic molecules forming insulating layers. In addition, gold is an excellent metal for wire bonding integrated circuits (ICs). Gold wires can be bonded to pure, soft gold pads by thermocompression bonding (300-400 C at high pressure to form a weld) or thermosonic bonding (150-200 C with ultrasonic energy to fo...

show abstract

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Gold

Kohl¹

2010

Modern Electroplating

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Coulometry and Related Topics.-Coulometric titrations have been reviewed critically and c o m p r e h e n s i ~e l y . ~~~ A simple gas coulometer 379 and apparatus for automatic coulometric titration 380 381 have been described. Because of the increased use of coulometric titrations, the coulomb has been suggested as the primary standard in all titrimetric processes in preference to any chemical standard.382 I t has been shown that it is possible to deduce correctly from polarographic investigations the conditions required for obtaining optimum yields of coulometric reagent~3~3 Coulometric titrations and back-titrations where oxidants and reductants are alternately generated have been successfully carried out .…”

Section: Instrumental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical chemistry

Wilson¹

1953

Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…They can be performed at small concentrations where the inflection of a potentiometric end point would be very small, and in solutions of high ionic strength, where conductometric methods are inadequate. They are a distinct advantage in coulometric titrations, because there can be no interference between generation and detection systems (3,10). And, because many chemical systems are adaptable to a color change at the end point, they have wide applicability.…”

Section: Literature Citedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there has been considerable work in recent years in this field (3,4,6,(9)(10)(11), the first was done some 30 years ago by Muller and Partridge (7). The principles are still the same, but a different approach using new techniques and new components has led to the development of a useful commercial device.…”

Section: Literature Citedmentioning

confidence: 99%