Automatic fault management in distribution networks

A Bayesian Approach for Fault Location in Medium Voltage Grids With Underground Cables

“…It only has a resistive part, because the reactance of the fault is usually zero [3]. It can be assumed that R f follows a uniform distribution between 0 and R f ,max .…”

Procedures for fault location and isolation to solve protection selectivity problems in MV distribution networks with dispersed generation

“…[9][10][11]. The basic idea is to perform an off-line extensive study on a given network, typically by using a simulation software, in order to collect a big amount of information on the possible values of electrical quantities characterising fault events (short-circuit currents, amplitude and phase of voltage sags, symmetrical components of unbalanced voltages and currents, etc.).…”

Transient selectivity for enhancing autonomous fault management in unearthed distribution networks with DFIG-based distributed generations

“…High measured current means that the fault is downstream and consequently the next substation is evaluated until the faulty section is identified. This concept can be applied for self-healing approach either by centralized or decentralized control [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In the future, this approach does not work anymore since the penetration of DGs will drastically change the amplitude and even the direction of phase fault currents.…”