“…The first step is to reconstruct vector data (e.g., points, polylines, or polygons) commonly used in map generalization to align with the deep learning data paradigm. Current reconstruction methods for specific problems include using a triangulation network structure for point cloud data classification and semantic segmentation (Bazazian & Nahata, 2020; Jiang et al, 2021), a coordinate sequence structure for line simplification (Yu & Chen, 2022), and a dual graph of drainage and a minimum binary tree (Yu, Ai, Yang, Huang, & Gao, 2023; Yu et al, 2022) of building for pattern recognition (Yan et al, 2019). However, map generalization involves multiple operators, such as selection, simplification, and aggregation, and different objects like bends or nodes of rivers, roads, and boundary lines for simplification; arcs or strokes of river and road networks for selection; and polygons of buildings and lakes for aggregation.…”