“…Recently, although deep learning-based approaches have been used to solve several problems in the field of civil engineering, some problems are complex, and more optimal approaches than deep learning-based approaches have sometimes been used (Amezquita-Sanchez & Adeli, 2015b;Huangpeng, Zhang, Zeng, & Huang, 2018;Liao, 2017;Poskus, Rodgers, Zhou, & Chase, 2018;Qarib and Adeli, 2015;Wang, Zhang, Wang, Braham, & Qiu, 2018). For example, Wang et al (2018) developed an automatic method for measuring crack width using binary crack map images.…”