Automatically activated facets of ageism: Masked evaluative priming allows for a differentiation of age‐related prejudice

Couto, Maria Clara Pinheiro de Paula; Wentura, Dirk

doi:10.1002/ejsp.1912

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The authors thus proposed that relevance type is also assessed early and automatically with stimuli for which this differentiation is relevant. Several other studies corroborated this finding, also under masked presentation conditions (Degner et al, 2007;Degner and Wentura, 2011;De Paula Couto and Wentura, 2012).…”

Section: Can Further Emotion Aspects Be Involuntarily Activated?supporting

confidence: 64%

How Emotion Relates to Language and Cognition, Seen Through the Lens of Evaluative Priming Paradigms

Rohr

Wentura

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Affect and emotion are essential aspects of human life. These states or feelings signal personally relevant things or situations and color our memories and thoughts. Within the area of affective or emotion processing, evaluation–the assessment of the valence associated with a stimulus or event (i.e., its positivity or negativity)–is considered a fundamental process, representing an early and crucial stage in constructivist emotion theories. Valence evaluation is assumed to occur automatically when encountering a stimulus. But does this really apply always, even if we simply see a word? And if so, what exactly is processed or activated in memory? One approach to investigating this evaluative process uses behavioral priming paradigms and, first and foremost, the evaluative priming paradigm and its variants. In the present review, we delineate the insights gained from this paradigm about the relation of affect and emotion to cognition and language. Specifically, we reviewed the empirical evidence base with regard to this issue as well as the proposed theoretical models of valence evaluation, specifically with regard to the nature of the representations activated via such paradigms. It will become clear that affect and emotion are foremost (and, perhaps, even exclusively) triggered by evaluative priming paradigms in the sense that semantic affective knowledge is activated. This knowledge should be modeled as being active in working memory rather than in long-term memory as was assumed in former models. The emerging evidence concerning the processing of more specific emotion aspects gives rise to the assumption that the activation of these semantic aspects is related to their social importance. In that sense, the fast and (conditionally) automatic activation of valence and other emotion aspects in evaluative priming paradigms reveals something about affect and emotion: Valence and specific emotion aspects are so important for our daily life that encountering almost any stimulus entails the automatic activation of the associated valence and other emotion aspects in memory, when the context requires it.

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Section: Can Further Emotion Aspects Be Involuntarily Activated?supporting

confidence: 64%

How Emotion Relates to Language and Cognition, Seen Through the Lens of Evaluative Priming Paradigms

Rohr

Wentura

2022

Front. Psychol.

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“…In this regard, it is interesting to note that in basic cognitive psychology, response priming paradigms employing masked primes are especially well-known in the field of unconscious cognition (e.g., Dehaene et al, 1998;Vorberg et al, 2003). Obviously, masked effects are of utmost importance for social cognition researchers because the aim of the researcher is completely hidden if the attitude-related stimulus is never consciously seen by participants (Custers & Aarts, 2007;de Paula Couto & Wentura, 2012;Frings & Wentura, 2003;Otten & Wentura, 1999;Spalding & Hardin, 1999;Wentura et al, 2005; see also Doyen, Klein, Simons, & Cleeremans, 2014, this issue, for an extensive discussion on subliminal priming).…”

Section: Response Priming Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priming is not Priming is not Priming

Wentura¹,

Rothermund²

2014

Social Cognition

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We propose a taxonomy according to which priming studies in social cognition research can be classified. Long-term priming is characterized by a long delay between the prime and test situations (several minutes or more) whereas short-term priming studies investigate short-term consequences (occurring within hundreds of milliseconds) of primes on subsequent target processing and response activation. Within short-term priming, we distinguish between response priming and semantic priming designs, and discuss the underlying mechanisms that mediate priming effects in the different designs. On the basis of these distinctions, we discuss the role of short-term priming research for an understanding of long-term priming effects in social cognition.Broadly speaking, priming research in the social cognition literature can be split into two-and-a-half branches by reference to prototypical designs. The most obvious differentiation (into the two dominant branches) can be made between what we will tentatively term long-term versus short-term priming designs. In long-term priming studies, the goal is almost always to activate some broad knowledge structure (a trait category, a stereotype, a goal, a mindset, an emotion). The aftermath of this activation is then tested in an appropriate context. Studies that aim at exploring what Molden (2014, this issue) generally described as social priming fall into the category of long-term priming, that is, studies that are concerned with effects related to standard categories of everyday behavior that are of evident practical or applied interest. What is most important for the remainder of the text is that longterm priming effects are on a time scale ranging from minutes to hours or even days and weeks.

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“…On a more general level, many of the journal articles or university theses we reviewed found the expected prejudice effects (Cooley, Payne, & Phillips, 2014;Echabe, 2013;Gawronski & Ye, 2015;Payne et al, 2005Payne et al, , 2013Payne, Krosnick et al, 2010;Pryor, Reeder, & Monroe, 2012). Many others, however, showed mixed evidence (Gawronski, Peters, Brochu, & Strack, 2008;Guinote, Willis, & Martellota, 2009;Payne, Burkley, & Stokes, 2008;Pinheiro & Wentura, 2012), no AMP effects (Proia, 2012), or even reversed AMP effects (Bar-Anan Lycke & Setterberg, 2011;Walsh, 2013). 3 Mixed and reverse AMP effects were shown in samples from different countries, and with different prime categories.…”

Section: In Search Of Prejudice Effects: a Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Affect Misattribution Procedure

Teige‐Mocigemba

Becker

Sherman

et al. 2017

Experimental Psychology

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The Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) has been forwarded as one of the most promising alternatives to the Implicit Association Test and the evaluative-priming task for measuring attitudes such as prejudice indirectly. We investigated whether the AMP is indeed able to detect an evaluative out-group bias. In contrast to recent conclusions about the robustness of AMP effects, six out of seven pilot studies indicated that participants did not show any prejudice effects in the AMP. Yet, these pilot studies were not fully conclusive with regard to our research question because they investigated different domains of prejudice, used small sample sizes, and employed a modified AMP version. In a preregistered, high-powered AMP study, we therefore examined whether the standard AMP does reveal prejudice against Turks, the biggest minority in Germany, and found a significant, albeit very small prejudice effect. We discuss possible reasons for the AMP's weak sensitivity to evaluations in socially sensitive domains.

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Automatically activated facets of ageism: Masked evaluative priming allows for a differentiation of age‐related prejudice

Cited by 12 publications

References 67 publications

How Emotion Relates to Language and Cognition, Seen Through the Lens of Evaluative Priming Paradigms

How Emotion Relates to Language and Cognition, Seen Through the Lens of Evaluative Priming Paradigms

Priming is not Priming is not Priming

The Affect Misattribution Procedure

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