The objective of the U.S. Air Force's training program is to deliver readiness by building and sustaining operator skills and to provide information for assessing the readiness of individuals and teams and, ultimately, of the joint force. Yet, senior U.S. Department of Defense leadership is increasingly concerned that the current readiness assessment system is not providing sufficient insight into the capability of the force to meet future mission requirements-that there is a shortfall in the quality of inputs and, therefore, the outputs of the readiness system. If the Air Force makes appropriate investments, its training infrastructure, which in total is referred to as the operational test and training infrastructure (OTTI), could provide much more insight into the readiness of the force for future contingencies. This report examines and characterizes shortfalls in the readiness assessment process and then reviews potential OTTI remedies. Discussions with senior leaders at several major commands, review of current design plans for a Common Synthetic Training Environment, and a literature review of technological developments informed this analysis.The research reported here was commissioned by Headquarters Air Force A3T and conducted within the Workforce, Development, and Health Program of RAND Project AIR FORCE as part of a fiscal year 2021 project "Operational Training Infrastructure and Live, Virtual, and Constructive Environments in Support of Squadron Commander Assessments of Unit Readiness." A companion report from this same project defines different dimensions of OTTI and the current state of technologies across those dimensions. 1
RAND Project AIR FORCERAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF), a division of the RAND Corporation, is the Department of the Air Force's (DAF's) federally funded research and development center for studies and analyses, supporting both the United States Air Force and the United States Space Force. PAF provides the DAF with independent analyses of policy alternatives affecting the development, employment, combat readiness, and support of current and future air, space, and cyber forces.