Automatyczna precyzyjny pomiar załamka P

The Effect of Photoinduced Surface Oxygen Vacancies on the Charge Carrier Dynamics in TiO2 Films

“…For rutile TiO 2 , the self-trap energy for polaronic hole formation was found to be positive, which suggests the hole is localized at a lattice site, for example, a bridging oxygen or oxygen vacancy. Although the interaction between a charge carrier and a vacancy or trap state can vary considerably, many reported interactions indicate a reduced carrier mobility as a result of the interaction. ,,, Interactions of this nature have also been shown to occur in other forms of TiO 2 and other materials. ,, Hence, the mobility of induced holes can largely be impeded by the presence of photoinduced V O defects, thus resulting in an increase in E a *, as observed in the current study. These photoinduced surface vacancies are only temporary under ambient conditions and will subsequently heal after the UV source is switched off, , which explains the reversible behavior of the τ* curve in Figure .…”

“…At temperatures close to room temperature, holes will rapidly recombine or migrate to more stable trapping sites and localize around defect sites . Surface-bridging oxygen and oxygen vacancy defects are considered to act as deep (high-energy) traps, thus greatly affecting the mobility of charge carriers by potentially altering the dimensionality of the hole migration (presented by the α term in eq ), that is, by affecting the hole migration deep into the bulk. ,,− Once holes are trapped at a lattice site, their reactivity has been found to decrease, thereby increasing their lifetime ,, while also significantly reducing their mobility. Besides, researchers have recently highlighted the important role polarons may play in the trapping of other charge carriers and charge carrier transport in TiO 2 .…”

State and Law in the Thinking of Sylwester Zawadzki (1921–1999). A Few Reflections in Connection with the Establishment of the Supreme Administrative Court in 1980

“…Numerous quotations from Lenin, Stalin, Marx, and Bierut are in line with the Marxist concept of the state and law, which was implemented in the PPR at that time by S. Zawadzki teachers and colleagues, namely Stefan Rozmaryn 39 and Stanisław Ehrlich. 40 An important place was also held by Adam Schaff, 41 thanks to whom S. Zawadzki began his academic career at the Institute for the Training of Academic Staff at the Central Committee of the PUWP, 42 and with whom S. Zawadzki went on an official trip to Moscow in 1956, mainly to the Institute of Marxism--Leninism, which, as S. Zawadzki recalled, was "in many respects regarded as a model for our Institute". 43 It was his doctorate at the Institute for the Training of Scientific Staff (from 1954 the Institute of Social Sciences) at the Central Academic of the PUWP 44 that solidified S. Zawadzki's Marxist and socialist approach to the understanding of issues of the state, law, and politics.…”