Automobile exhausts versus municipal-waste incineration as sources of the polychloro-dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and -furans (PCDF) found in the environment

The winter effect on formation of PCDD/Fs in Guangzhou by vehicles: A tunnel study

“…Instead, automobiles may become an important emitter of PCDDs/Fs. Ballschmiter et al (1986) detected PCDDs/Fs in used motor oil and thus provided the first evidence that PCDDs/Fs might be emitted by the combustion processes in gasolineand diesel-fueled engines. Fuster et al (2001) reported that, in Tarragona Province of Spain, the PCDD/F emission from MSWI may contribute about 0.04% whereas the emission from diesel motors accounted for 18% of the total PCDD/F emissions.…”

Atmospheric Dioxin and Furan Deposition in Relation to Land-Use and Other Pollutants: A Survey with Lichens

“…This maximum value is twice as high as those reported for the largest municipalities of the country, Lisboa and Porto (both outside the study region). Several authors quote that vehicles exhaust are the source of PCDD/Fs in urban areas (Ballschmiter et al, 1986;Hagenmaier et al, 1990;Oehme et al, 1991;Wevers et al, 1992;Quaß et al, 2004;Chang et al, 2004). Supporting this, it was shown that PCDD/Fs were related to Cu and Cr measured in lichens, which are known to be vehicle emission indicators (Ormod, 1984;Saquid et al, 1989;Ward, 1989) (Table II).…”

PCDD/F emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles operated under highway conditions and a diesel-engine based power generator

“…Ballschmiter et al [2] and Marklund et al [5] reported similarities in the congener patterns in the used motor oil and in the car exhausts, and those found in fly ash and stack emissions from municipal waste incinerators. Similarities in the PCDD/F patterns could be a consequence of similarities in the PCDD/F formation mechanisms.…”

“…and other compounds which can be formed as a result of incomplete combustion. Already in 1986, Ballschmiter et al [2] reported emissions of polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) from automobile exhaust and compared these emissions with those from a municipal waste incinerator. The combined effect of all these chemical pollutants can raise the potential hazard of the exhaust gases.…”

“…No reference works dealing with on-road samplings in passenger vehicles have been found. Table S3 of the supporting information summarizes some published data concerning the main congeners (without toxicity factors), the congeners that contribute to the total toxicity I-TEQ (taking into account the toxicity factors), and the percentage x 100 of Page 5 of 32 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 5 PCDFs/(PCDFs+PCDDs) without and with TEF factors [2,3,6,8,[15][16][17][18][19]21,22,24,26,27,[29][30][31][32][33].…”