Automotive airborne brake wear debris nanoparticles and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes: A pilot study

Kažimı́rová, Alena; Peikertová, Pavlína; Barančoková, Magdaléna; Staruchová, Marta; Jana, Tulinská; Vaculík, Miroslav; Vávra, I.; Kukutschová, Jana; Filip, Peter; Dušinská, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.022

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In the present study, cells were exposed only once to particles, thus more so reflecting an acute exposure scenario. However, according to the authors’ knowledge, only limited amount of the studies using the collected brake wear particles have been performed in a laboratory environment; therefore, it was difficult to estimate the most suitable concentration range for the present study (Kazimirova et al 2016; Kukutschová et al 2009; Malachova et al 2016). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Since the exact formulation of each brake pad is manufacturer’s proprietary, the comparison of the original brake pad with obtained brake wear particles was not possible. However, iron or iron oxide powder, together with quartz, zirconium, and aluminium oxide are the most common abrasive constituents (Grigoratos and Martini 2015; Kazimirova et al 2016). Silicon carbide detected in sfLM sample is used as an abrasive material for brake pads improving the mechanical properties at high temperatures (Krenkel et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological response of an in vitro human 3D lung cell model exposed to brake wear debris varies based on brake pad formulation

et al. 2018

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Wear particles from automotive friction brake pads of various sizes, morphology, and chemical composition are significant contributors towards particulate matter. Knowledge concerning the potential adverse effects following inhalation exposure to brake wear debris is limited. Our aim was, therefore, to generate brake wear particles released from commercial low-metallic and non-asbestos organic automotive brake pads used in mid-size passenger cars by a full-scale brake dynamometer with an environmental chamber simulating urban driving and to deduce their potential hazard in vitro. The collected fractions were analysed using scanning electron microscopy via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and Raman microspectroscopy. The biological impact of the samples was investigated using a human 3D multicellular model consisting of human epithelial cells (A549) and human primary immune cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) mimicking the human epithelial tissue barrier. The viability, morphology, oxidative stress, and (pro-)inflammatory response of the cells were assessed following 24 h exposure to ~ 12, ~ 24, and ~ 48 µg/cm2 of non-airborne samples and to ~ 3.7 µg/cm2 of different brake wear size fractions (2–4, 1–2, and 0.25–1 µm) applying a pseudo-air–liquid interface approach. Brake wear debris with low-metallic formula does not induce any adverse biological effects to the in vitro lung multicellular model. Brake wear particles from non-asbestos organic formulated pads, however, induced increased (pro-)inflammatory mediator release from the same in vitro system. The latter finding can be attributed to the different particle compositions, specifically the presence of anatase.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00204-018-2218-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological response of an in vitro human 3D lung cell model exposed to brake wear debris varies based on brake pad formulation

et al. 2018

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“…Many analyses for studying airborne particles based on the size or diameter of the particles and emission of the particles related to contact surface morphology in the test condition were carried out for the brake pad system. 1–6,11,12…”

Section: Particle Emission During Wearmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wear particles originating from a brake pad system contribute to particulate concentration in the urban atmosphere. Previous research papers [1][2][3][4][5][6] have dealt with much evidence about environmental pollution, and search for a better ecofriendly frictional material from the health and environmental aspect is necessary. Many research works have been conducted on interacting surface morphology of the brake and disc system in terms of wear and airborne particle emission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle emission of organic brake pad material: A review

Kumar

Ghosh

2019

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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Wear of a brake pad emits airborne particles and is a major environmental issue. This review paper deals with the analysis of different brake pad composite materials and their wear phenomenon. The volume fraction and size distribution of non-asbestos organic airborne particles emitted from the brake pad material with time, load and speed have also been discussed under different braking conditions. The airborne particles are measured by different aerosol instruments. TSI P-Trak, GRIMM aerosol spectrometer and scanning mobility particle sizer were used by different researchers for measuring ultrafine particles, micron-sized particles and aerodynamic nanoparticles, respectively. This paper shows that the wear particles emitted from the brake pad material vary in diameter between 10 nm and 10 μm under various loads and sliding velocities. These airborne particles such as coarse fine (diameters > 1 μm), fine (diameters between 100 nm and 1 μm) and ultrafine (diameters < 100 nm) particles are responsible for health hazards to the human respiratory system. This study has accumulated the data of different ingredients of the brake pad with airborne particle emission from various studies, which may be helpful for the evolution of new composite materials in the near future.

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“…The authors reported a correlation between various components (iron, copper, and manganese) and markers for inflammation at sub-lethal concentrations and differences in oxidative stress based on the composition. Recent research on brake wear debris showed that brake wear particles could contain components with toxic and mutagenic properties (Kazimirova et al 2016;Malachova et al 2016). However, comprehensive studies examining the direct link to brake wear particles and adverse health effects are still scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation toxicity profiles of particulate matter: a comparison between brake wear with other sources of emission

Gerlofs-Nijland

Bokkers

Sachse³

et al. 2019

Inhalation Toxicology

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Objective: There is substantial evidence that exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) from road traffic is associated with adverse health outcomes. Although it is often assumed to be caused by vehicle exhaust emissions such as soot, other components may also contribute to detrimental effects. The toxicity of fine PM (PM2.5; <2.5 mm mass median aerodynamic diameter) released from brake pads was compared to PM from other sources. Materials and methods: PM2.5 of different types of brake pads (low-metallic, semi-metallic, NAO and ECE-NAO hybrid), tires and road pavement, poultry as well as the combustion of diesel fuel and wood (modern and old-fashioned stove technologies) were collected as suspensions in water. These were subsequently aerosolized for inhalation exposures. Female BALB/cOlaHsd mice were exposed for 1.5, 3, or 6 hours by nose-only inhalation up to 9 mg/m 3. Results: Neither cytotoxicity nor oxidative stress was observed after exposure to any of the re-aerosolized PM2.5 samples. Though, at similar PM mass concentrations the potency to induce inflammatory responses was strongly dependent on the emission source. Exposure to most examined PM2.5 sources provoked inflammation including those derived from the poultry farm, wear emissions of the NAO and ECE-NAO hybrid brake pads as well as diesel and wood combustion, as indicated by neutrophil chemoattractant, KC and MIP-2 and lung neutrophil influx. Discussion and conclusions: Our study revealed considerable variability in the toxic potency of brake wear particles. Understanding of sources that are most harmful to health can provide valuable information for risk management strategies and could help decision-makers to develop more targeted air pollution regulation.

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Automotive airborne brake wear debris nanoparticles and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes: A pilot study

Cited by 25 publications

References 24 publications

Biological response of an in vitro human 3D lung cell model exposed to brake wear debris varies based on brake pad formulation

Biological response of an in vitro human 3D lung cell model exposed to brake wear debris varies based on brake pad formulation

Particle emission of organic brake pad material: A review

Inhalation toxicity profiles of particulate matter: a comparison between brake wear with other sources of emission

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