Autonomic imbalance hypothesis and overtraining syndrome

Lehmann, M.; Foster, Carl; Dickhuth, Hans-Hermann; Gastmann, U.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199807000-00019

Cited by 165 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This ratio decreases in relation to the intensity and duration of training and it is evident that this ratio indicates only the actual physiological strain of training and cannot be used for diagnosis of OR or the OTS (Lehmann et al 1998(Lehmann et al , 2001; Urhausen et al 1995;Duclos 2008). …”

Section: Biochemistry and Hormones Biochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Meeusen¹,

Duclos²,

Foster³

et al. 2012

European Journal of Sport Science

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617

934

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Successful training must involve overload, but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery. Athletes can experience short-term performance decrement, without severe psychological, or lasting other negative symptoms. This Functional Overreaching (FOR) will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery. When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery, Non-Functional Overreaching (NFOR) can occur. The distinction between NFOR and the Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis. The athlete will often show the same clinical, hormonal and other signs and symptoms. A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be 'prolonged maladaptation' not only of the athlete, but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR. However, there is no scientific evidence to either confirmor refute this suggestion. One approach to understanding the aetiology of OTS involves the exclusion of organic diseases or infections and factors such as dietary caloric restriction (negative energy balance) and insufficient carbohydrate and/or protein intake, iron deficiency, magnesium deficiency, allergies, etc., together with identification of initiating events or triggers. In this paper, we provide the recent status of possible markers for the detection of OTS. Currently several markers (hormones, performance tests, psychological tests, biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of them meets all criteria to make its use generally accepted.

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Section: Biochemistry and Hormones Biochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Meeusen¹,

Duclos²,

Foster³

et al. 2012

European Journal of Sport Science

Self Cite

617

934

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“…22 However, if an athlete is overreached, approximately 2 weeks of rest should result in a return to previous performance levels or even improved performance. 22 In contrast, the OTS athlete will not recover in 2 weeks. It may take months for this athlete to recover, and in some instances the individual may never recover.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This condition has been referred to as overtraining syndrome (OTS), but has also been referred to as staleness or burnout syndrome. 22 It should be noted that although the condition of 'overreaching' may be a precursor to overtraining, certain coaches and athletes regard this condition as an integral part of training to achieve a supercompensatory effect. 22 However, if an athlete is overreached, approximately 2 weeks of rest should result in a return to previous performance levels or even improved performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 It should be noted that although the condition of 'overreaching' may be a precursor to overtraining, certain coaches and athletes regard this condition as an integral part of training to achieve a supercompensatory effect. 22 However, if an athlete is overreached, approximately 2 weeks of rest should result in a return to previous performance levels or even improved performance. 22 In contrast, the OTS athlete will not recover in 2 weeks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It may take months for this athlete to recover, and in some instances the individual may never recover. 22 OTS is commonly reported to occur in around 10 -20% of elite endurance athletes 32 and affects up to 65% of longdistance runners at some point in their athletic career. 28 This condition should therefore not be regarded as a marginal problem but as an important and frequent event in the athletic community.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Causes of extreme fatigue in underperforming athletes - a synthesis of recent hypotheses and reviews

Robson-Ansley¹,

Smith²

2009

S Afr J SM

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The Olympic motto citius, altius, fortius (faster, higher, stronger) epitomises the goal of athletic training. As athletes strive to improve their performance, inevitably their training load increases. Frequently their training strategies are successful and their performance improves. However, substantial anecdotal as well as experimental evidence 17,18 links intensified training, for an extended period, with a chronic decrement in athletic performance. This reduced performance may manifest as an athlete failing to improve/maintain his/her previous performances, despite undergoing more intensive training, or an athlete reporting an inability to regain previous form following a vigorous competition.Athletes must undergo significant amounts of physiological as well as psychological stress during training in order to provide sufficiently potent stimuli for appropriate adaptations to occur. To ensure that the athlete adapts favourably to the training load imposed, adequate rest is a crucial part of any training programme. If rest is not sufficient and the exercise stress alone or combined with other stressors (health, nutritional, environmental or psychological) is too great, the athlete may fail to adapt (maladapt) and enter a state of 'overreaching'. If the athlete continues training with insufficient rest, and in addition is exposed to further stressors (mentioned above), then a state of chronic underperformance may occur. This condition has been referred to as overtraining syndrome (OTS), but has also been referred to as staleness or burnout syndrome. 22It should be noted that although the condition of 'overreaching' may be a precursor to overtraining, certain coaches and athletes regard this condition as an integral part of training to achieve a supercompensatory effect. 22 However, if an athlete is overreached, approximately 2 weeks of rest should result in a return to previous performance levels or even improved performance. 22 In contrast, the OTS athlete will not recover in 2 weeks. It may take months for this athlete to recover, and in some instances the individual may never recover. 22OTS is commonly reported to occur in around 10 -20% of elite endurance athletes 32 and affects up to 65% of longdistance runners at some point in their athletic career. 28 This condition should therefore not be regarded as a marginal problem but as an important and frequent event in the athletic community. 22 Redefinition of overtraining syndromeAlthough the aetiology of OTS remains elusive the term 'overtraining syndrome' may be a misnomer, since it implies that exercise is the sole causative factor of the syndrome. The recent redefinition of the syndrome focuses not only on the outcome, but also implies that the cause may be multi- REvIEW ARTIClECauses of extreme fatigue in underperforming athletesa synthesis of recent hypotheses and reviews AbstractThe underperformance syndrome (UPS), previously known as the overtraining syndrome (OTS), has been defined as a persistent decrement in athletic performance capacity despite 2...

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Recovery after Training – Inflammation, Metabolism, Tissue Repair and Overtraining

Fridén¹,

Lieber²,

Hargreaves³

et al. 2003

Textbook of Sports Medicine

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Autonomic imbalance hypothesis and overtraining syndrome

Abstract: The described functional alterations of pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic system can explain persistent performance incompetence in affected athletes.

Cited by 165 publications

References 22 publications

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Causes of extreme fatigue in underperforming athletes - a synthesis of recent hypotheses and reviews

Recovery after Training – Inflammation, Metabolism, Tissue Repair and Overtraining

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