Autonomous analyser platforms for remote monitoring of water quality

Diamond, Dermot; Cleary, John; Maher, Damian; Kim, Jungho; Lau, King Tong

doi:10.1109/iecon.2011.6119878

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Inevitably, these confounding environmental factors raise the cost of fabrication and design. 54 The ACT surveys found the most common constraints for FDS adoption were cost, lack of confidence in data and technical expertise. FDS limitations commonly cited were ease of calibration, overall reliability/ durability, hardware/software data management, and range/ detection limits.…”

Section: Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In practice, FDS must detect their target analytes accurately and precisely (often at trace levels) while enduring hostile environmental factors and physical shock, self-correcting for instrument drift and stability, dealing with biofilm and particulate matter, and consuming minimal power. Inevitably, these confounding environmental factors raise the cost of fabrication and design . The ACT surveys found the most common constraints for FDS adoption were cost, lack of confidence in data and technical expertise.…”

Section: Users and Data: Needs And Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Path to Impact for Autonomous Field Deployable Chemical Sensors: A Case Study of in Situ Nitrite Sensors

Schierenbeck

Smith

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Natural freshwater systems have been severely affected by excess loading of macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) from fertilizers, fossil fuels, and human and livestock waste. In the USA, impacts to drinking water quality, biogeochemical cycles, and aquatic ecosystems are estimated to cost US$210 billion annually. Field-deployable nutrient sensors (FDS) offer potential to support research and resource management efforts by acquiring higher resolution data than are currently supported by expensive conventional sampling methods. Following nearly 40 years of research and development, FDS instruments are now starting to penetrate commercial markets. However, instrument uncertainty factors (high cost, reliability, accuracy, and precision) are key drivers impeding the uptake of FDS by the majority of users. Using nitrite sensors as a case study, we review the trends, opportunities, and challenges in producing and implementing FDS from a perspective of innovation and impact. We characterize the user community and consumer needs, identify trends in research approaches, tabulate state-of-the-art examples and specifications, and discuss data life cycle considerations. With further development of FDS through prototyping and testing in real-world applications, these tools can deliver information for protecting and restoring natural waters, enhancing process control for industrial operations and water treatment, and providing novel research insights.

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Section: Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Users and Data: Needs And Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Path to Impact for Autonomous Field Deployable Chemical Sensors: A Case Study of in Situ Nitrite Sensors

Schierenbeck

Smith

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…For the reagent-based colorimetric methods often used in these devices, reagent stability and compatibility within the fluidic system must be balanced with method sensitivity, as more stable reagents can provide for longer service intervals and lower maintenance costs. 19 Likewise, power supply and management strategy must be considered, although major international research efforts driven largely by the e-car industry will advance this technology rapidly. 20 In this paper, we focus on the development and reliability of the fluidic chip, due to its critical role in the autonomous platform operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Rugged and Reliable Fluidic Chips for Autonomous Environmental Analyzers Using Combined Thermal and Pressure Bonding of Polymethyl Methacrylate Layers

et al. 2019

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The fabrication of highly reliable and rugged fluidic chips designed for use in autonomous analyses for nutrient monitoring is described. The chips are based on a two-layer configuration with the fluidic channels produced in one layer using precision micromilling. The second capping layer contains through holes for sample/standard and reagent addition and waste removal post-analysis. Two optically clear polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) windows are integrated into the opaque PMMA chip, orthogonal to a 22.5 mm-long section of the channel downstream from a serpentine reagent and sample/standard mixing region. An LED source is coupled into the channel through one of the windows, and the light intensity is monitored with a photodiode located at the distal end of the channel outside the second optically clear window. Efficient coupling of the source through the channel to the detector is achieved using custom-designed alignment units produced using 3D printing. In contrast to fluidic chips produced using solvent adhesion, the thermal-/pressure-bonded simplified method presented removes the need for surface treatment. Optimization of the thermal/pressure conditions leads to very strong adhesion between the PMMA layers, requiring forces in the region of 2000 N to separate them, which is necessary for the use in long-term deployments. Profilometry imaging shows minimal evidence of channel distortion after bonding. Finally, we show the potential of these techniques for environmental applications. The fluidic chips were integrated into prototype nutrient analyzers that display no evidence of leakage in extensive lab tests involving 2500 phosphate measurements using the yellow (vanadomolybdophosphoric acid) method. Similarly, excellent analytical performance (LOD is 0.09 μM) is reported for a 28-day field trial comprising 188 in situ autonomous phosphate measurements (564 measurements) in total including calibration.

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“…[16][17][18][19] Although this scheme saves space compared to the traditional autoclave one, it is still too large for some in situ applications. 20,21 For example, wireless sensor network for water-quality monitoring, 22 one of the most important applications of micro total analysis system, only leaves very small space for its sensor unit. The sensor for water-quality monitoring usually requires a digestion pretreatment of the aqueous sample with a temperature higher than 100 C to decompose the dissolved organic compounds into ionic radicals for indicative species detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous flowing micro-reactor for aqueous reaction at temperature higher than 100 °C

Xie

Wang

et al. 2013

Biomicrofluidics

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Some aqueous reactions in biological or chemical fields are accomplished at a high temperature. When the reaction temperature is higher than 100 C, an autoclave reactor is usually required to elevate the boiling point of the water by creating a high-pressure environment in a closed system. This work presented an alternative continuous flowing microfluidic solution for aqueous reaction with a reaction temperature higher than 100 C. The pressure regulating function was successfully fulfilled by a small microchannel based on a delicate hydrodynamic design. Combined with micro heater and temperature sensor that integrated in a single chip by utilizing silicon-based microfabrication techniques, this pressure regulating microchannel generated a high-pressure/high-temperature environment in the upstream reaction zone when the reagents continuously flow through the chip. As a preliminary demonstration, thermal digestion of aqueous total phosphorus sample was achieved in this continuous flowing micro-reactor at a working pressure of 990 kPa (under the working flow rate of 20 nl/s) along with a reaction temperature of 145 C. This continuous flowing microfluidic solution for high-temperature reaction may find applications in various micro total analysis systems. V C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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Autonomous analyser platforms for remote monitoring of water quality

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Path to Impact for Autonomous Field Deployable Chemical Sensors: A Case Study of in Situ Nitrite Sensors

Path to Impact for Autonomous Field Deployable Chemical Sensors: A Case Study of in Situ Nitrite Sensors

Fabrication of Rugged and Reliable Fluidic Chips for Autonomous Environmental Analyzers Using Combined Thermal and Pressure Bonding of Polymethyl Methacrylate Layers

Continuous flowing micro-reactor for aqueous reaction at temperature higher than 100 °C

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