Autonomous and In Situ Ocean Environmental Monitoring on Optofluidic Platform

Wang, Fang; Zhu, Jianhan; Zuo, Yunfeng; Hu, Xuejia; Yang, Yi

doi:10.3390/mi11010069

“…The first, thruster mode, allows it to move in a precise and controlled way to perform transects parallel to the seabed and collect data with great accuracy. The second mode is called glider mode and allows it to cover larger areas for a longer time, as consumption is significantly reduced [66][67][68]. The USV autonomously follows the AUV, providing information for accurate geo-localization of the acquired data.…”

Section: Umv In Air Water Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Management and Sustainable Exploitation of Marine Environments through Smart Monitoring and Automation

Glaviano

¹

,

Esposito

²

,

Cosmo

³

et al. 2022

JMSE

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Monitoring of aquatic ecosystems has been historically accomplished by intensive campaigns of direct measurements (by probes and other boat instruments) and indirect extensive methods such as aero-photogrammetry and satellite detection. These measurements characterized the research in the last century, with significant but limited improvements within those technological boundaries. The newest advances in the field of smart devices and increased networking capabilities provided by emerging tools, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), offer increasing opportunities to provide accurate and precise measurements over larger areas. These perspectives also correspond to an increasing need to promptly respond to frequent catastrophic impacts produced by drilling stations and intense transportation activities of dangerous materials over ocean routes. The shape of coastal ecosystems continuously varies due to increasing anthropic activities and climatic changes, aside from touristic activities, industrial impacts, and conservation practices. Smart buoy networks (SBNs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and multi-sensor microsystems (MSMs) such as smart cable water (SCW) are able to learn specific patterns of ecological conditions, along with electronic “noses”, permitting them to set innovative low-cost monitoring stations reacting in real time to the signals of marine environments by autonomously adapting their monitoring programs and eventually sending alarm messages to prompt human intervention. These opportunities, according to multimodal scenarios, are dramatically changing both the coastal monitoring operations and the investigations over large oceanic areas by yielding huge amounts of information and partially computing them in order to provide intelligent responses. However, the major effects of these tools on the management of marine environments are still to be realized, and they are likely to become evident in the next decade. In this review, we examined from an ecological perspective the most striking innovations applied by various research groups around the world and analyzed their advantages and limits to depict scenarios of monitoring activities made possible for the next decade.

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“…Determining the distributions and variations of chemical elements in oceans is key to fully understanding global geochemical cycles, evaluating seawater pollution, and forecasting the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) [11,12]. Although a wide variety of elements are essential to life in oceans, only a relatively small number of essential elements (e.g., nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) are termed as nutrients [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Detection Sensors in Seawater Based on ISI Web of Science Database

Cao

¹

,

Xiang

²

,

Xu

³

et al. 2022

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Marine ecosystem is increasingly deteriorating. In order to assess anthropogenic influence and instigate appropriate remedial actions, it is still of great significance to develop the technology of sensors applied for nutrient detection (e.g., nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) in seawater. This brief review shows an important direction for the development of nutrient detection sensors in seawater and also the limitations and challenges based on data from the ISI Web of Science database. Being different from previous review papers, in this short critical review paper (1) we unified the unit of limit of detection (LOD) for making the comparison within different researches possible; (2) only the literatures focusing on the technological development of sensors in seawater were used; and (3) not only the detection methods but also the detected analytes and publication years were discussed to supply more valuable information for the development of nutrient sensors applied in seawater. In total, 109 literatures were collected with regard to technological development. The quantity of literatures has increased most during 2011-2020. For analytes, literatures related to nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, and phosphate will continue to increase with more accurate data. For detection methods, spectrophotometry, colorimetry, fluorimetry, and electrochemistry are the most widely used sensors. LODs show thousands of orders. In general, there are lower LOD to nitrite and ammonium and fluorimetry method. Now, for analytes, nitrate 1.0983 > silicate 0.5495 > phosphate 0.4823 > ammonium 0.1324 > nitrite 0.0568 . For detection methods, microfluidics 1.7617 > electrochemistry 1.2607 > colorimetry 0.4462 > spectrophotometry 0.2941 > fluorimetry 0.0558 . This result indicated that the development level of detection methods is closer for nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and silicate. For ammonium, spectrophotometry has significantly lower LOD than electrochemistry ( p < 0.05 ), and fluorimetry also has significantly lower LOD than electrochemistry ( p < 0.05 ). Our results imply that sensors with accurate LOD should be developed in the future. In addition, more detection methods should be considered by future sensors.

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“…Marine environmental pollution is an increasingly acute global problem [1,2]. Trace metals are essential components of biogeochemistry; however, high concentrations of metals can cause persistent harm to the marine environment [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme Method-Based Microfluidic Chip for the Rapid Detection of Copper Ions

Yin

¹

,

Wan

²

,

Qian

³

et al. 2021

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Metal ions in high concentrations can pollute the marine environment. Human activities and industrial pollution are the causes of Cu2+ contamination. Here, we report our discovery of an enzyme method-based microfluidic that can be used to rapidly detect Cu2+ in seawater. In this method, Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ to inhibit horseradish peroxidase (HRP) activity, which then results in the color distortion of the reaction solution. The chip provides both naked eye and spectrophotometer modalities. Cu2+ concentrations have an ideal linear relationship, with absorbance values ranging from 3.91 nM to 256 μM. The proposed enzyme method-based microfluidic chip detects Cu2+ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.87 nM. Other common metal ions do not affect the operation of the chip. The successful detection of Cu2+ was achieved using three real seawater samples, verifying the ability of the chip in practical applications. Furthermore, the chip realizes the functions of two AND gates in series and has potential practical implementations in biochemical detection and biological computing.

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Autonomous and In Situ Ocean Environmental Monitoring on Optofluidic Platform

Cited by 19 publications

References 103 publications

Management and Sustainable Exploitation of Marine Environments through Smart Monitoring and Automation

Management and Sustainable Exploitation of Marine Environments through Smart Monitoring and Automation

Nutrient Detection Sensors in Seawater Based on ISI Web of Science Database

Enzyme Method-Based Microfluidic Chip for the Rapid Detection of Copper Ions

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